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In the current study we investigated if mice lacking the histamine producing enzyme HDC share the morphological and cytological phenotype with GTS patients by using magnetic resonance (MRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), unbiased stereology and immunohistochemistry. Behavior of <jats:italic>Hdc<\/jats:italic> knock\u2010out (<jats:italic>Hdc<\/jats:italic> KO) mice was assessed in an open field test. The results of stereological, volumetric and DTI analysis measurements showed no significant differences between control and <jats:italic>Hdc<\/jats:italic> KO mice. The numbers and distribution of GABAergic parvalbumin or nitric oxide\u2010expressing and cholinergic interneurons were normal in <jats:italic>Hdc<\/jats:italic> KO mice. Cortical morphology and layering in adult <jats:italic>Hdc<\/jats:italic> KO mice were also preserved. In open field test <jats:italic>Hdc<\/jats:italic> KO mice showed impaired exploratory activity and habituation when introduced to novel environment. Our results indicate that <jats:italic>Hdc<\/jats:italic> deficiency in mice does not disturb the development of striatal and cortical interneurons and does not lead to the morphological and cytological phenotypes characterized by humans with GTS. Nevertheless, histamine deficiency leads to behavioral alterations probably due to neurotransmitter dysbalance on the level of the striatum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,6]],"date-time":"2017-07-06T08:33:41Z","timestamp":1499330021000},"page":"3476-3487","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Behavioral and stereological characterization of <i>Hdc<\/i> KO mice: Relation to Tourette syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"525","author":[{"given":"Shamsiiat","family":"Abdurakhmanova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience Center University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karthik","family":"Chary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mikko","family":"Kettunen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Sierra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1189-5132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pertti","family":"Panula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience Center University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2005.11.067"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902760211"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10609"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0703692"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1042"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1600-079X.2003.00114.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.10.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2004.03546.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.67603"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.3144-11.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-014-0058-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0150-11.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.09.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-007-1003-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(01)00266-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80712-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1034"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00043.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23127"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0502624102"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2013-101637"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22206"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.115.230771"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8104-6-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","unstructured":"Leemans A. 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