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The precise timing and distribution of excitation and inhibition is crucial for auditory processing at the level of the auditory brainstem, which is responsible for sound localization ability. Sound localization is one of the sensory abilities disrupted by loss of the Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 (<jats:italic>Fmr1<\/jats:italic>) gene. Using triple immunofluorescence staining we tested whether there were alterations in the number and size of presynaptic structures for the three primary neurotransmitters (glutamate, glycine, and GABA) in the auditory brainstem of <jats:italic>Fmr1<\/jats:italic> knockout mice. We found decreases in either glycinergic or GABAergic inhibition to the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) specific to the tonotopic location within the nucleus. MNTB is one of the primary inhibitory nuclei in the auditory brainstem and participates in the sound localization process with fast and well\u2010timed inhibition. Thus, a decrease in inhibitory afferents to MNTB neurons should lead to greater inhibitory output to the projections from this nucleus. In contrast, we did not see any other significant alterations in balance of excitation\/inhibition in any of the other auditory brainstem nuclei measured, suggesting that the alterations observed in the MNTB are both nucleus and frequency specific. We furthermore show that glycinergic inhibition may be an important contributor to imbalances in excitation and inhibition in FXS and that the auditory brainstem is a useful circuit for testing these imbalances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,26]],"date-time":"2017-07-26T07:54:38Z","timestamp":1501055678000},"page":"3543-3562","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Tonotopic alterations in inhibitory input to the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body in a mouse model of Fragile X syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"525","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3779-0141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"McCullagh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biophysics University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernesto","family":"Salcedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell and Developmental Biology University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly M.","family":"Huntsman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora Colorado"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics School of Medicinen University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Achim","family":"Klug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biophysics University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902620305"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2014.00083"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0099-04.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5144-03.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(97)00081-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bates D. 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