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NRA neurons are premotor interneurons with direct projections to the motoneurons of soft palate, pharynx, and larynx in the nucleus ambiguus in the lateral medulla as well as to the motoneurons in the spinal cord innervating diaphragm, abdominal, and pelvic floor muscles and the lumbosacral motoneurons generating sexual posture. These NRA premotor interneurons receive very strong projections from the periaqueductal gray (PAG) in the context of basic survival mechanisms as fight, flight, freezing, sound production, and sexual behavior. In the present study in rat we investigated the physiological motor patterns generated by NRA neurons, as the result of vagal, peripheral chemosensory, and nociceptive stimulation. The results show that the NRA contains phasic respiratory modulated neurons, as well as nonphasic tonically modulated neurons. Stimulation in the various rostrocaudal levels of the NRA generates site\u2010specific laryngeal, respiratory, abdominal, and pelvic floor motor activities. Vagal and peripheral chemosensory stimulation induces both excitatory and inhibitory modulation of phasic NRA\u2010neurons, while peripheral chemosensory and nociceptive stimulation causes excitation and inhibition of nonphasic NRA\u2010neurons. These results are in agreement with the concept that the NRA represents a multifunctional group of neurons involved in the output of the emotional motor system, such as vomiting, vocalization, mating, and changes in respiration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,5]],"date-time":"2017-09-05T21:13:40Z","timestamp":1504646020000},"page":"229-242","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The physiological motor patterns produced by neurons in the nucleus retroambiguus in the rat and their modulation by vagal, peripheral chemosensory, and nociceptive stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"526","author":[{"given":"Hari H.","family":"Subramanian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Brain Institute, Asia\u2010Pacific Centre for Neuromodulation, The University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Australia"},{"name":"Discipline of Biomedical Science, The University of Sydney Lidcombe NSW 1825 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng\u2010Gui","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Biomedical Science, The University of Sydney Lidcombe NSW 1825 Australia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology Wannan Medical College Wuhu City Anhui Province 241002 People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Silburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Brain Institute, Asia\u2010Pacific Centre for Neuromodulation, The University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ron J.","family":"Balnave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Biomedical Science, The University of Sydney Lidcombe NSW 1825 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8457-3751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gert","family":"Holstege","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)91426-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1995.75.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00370.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1990.sp018171"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000121788"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2013.256503"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nlme.2001.4035"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)91086-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1983.55.6.1647"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(90)90030-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)90085-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","first-page":"463","article-title":"Neurophysiology of breathing in mammals, In Handbook of Physiology. 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