{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:14:51Z","timestamp":1787508891402,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,18]],"date-time":"2018-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1025031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1025031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Comparative Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Low blood glucose activates brainstem adrenergic and cholinergic neurons, driving adrenaline secretion from the adrenal medulla and glucagon release from the pancreas. Despite their roles in maintaining glucose homeostasis, the distributions of insulin\u2010responsive adrenergic and cholinergic neurons in the medulla are unknown. We fasted rats overnight and gave them insulin (10 U\/kg\u2009i.p.) or saline after 2 weeks of handling. Blood samples were collected before injection and before perfusion at 90\u2009min. We immunoperoxidase\u2010stained transverse sections of perfused medulla to show Fos plus either phenylethanolamine\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010methyltransferase (PNMT) or choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Insulin injection lowered blood glucose from 4.9 \u00b1 0.3 mmol\/L to 1.7 \u00b1 0.2 mmol\/L (mean\u2009\u00b1\n                    <jats:italic>SEM<\/jats:italic>\n                    ;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 6); saline injection had no effect. In insulin\u2010treated rats, many PNMT\u2010immunoreactive C1 neurons had Fos\u2010immunoreactive nuclei, with the proportion of activated neurons being highest in the caudal part of the C1 column. In the rostral ventrolateral medulla, 33.3%\u2009\u00b1 1.4% (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 8) of C1 neurons were Fos\u2010positive. Insulin also induced Fos in 47.2%\u2009\u00b1 2.0% (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 5) of dorsal medullary C3 neurons and in some C2 neurons. In the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV), insulin evoked Fos in many ChAT\u2010positive neurons. Activated neurons were concentrated in the medial and middle regions of the DMV beneath and just rostral to the area postrema. In control rats, very few C1, C2, or C3 neurons and no DMV neurons were Fos\u2010positive. The high numbers of PNMT\u2010immunoreactive and ChAT\u2010immunoreactive neurons that express Fos after insulin treatment reinforce the importance of these neurons in the central response to a decrease in glucose bioavailability.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,23]],"date-time":"2018-08-23T06:29:09Z","timestamp":1535005749000},"page":"2665-2682","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Insulin\u2010responsive autonomic neurons in rat medulla oblongata"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"526","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8748-3660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Senthilkumaran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Medicine, Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University  Bedford Park South Australia Australia"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences University of South Australia  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5793-6147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L.","family":"Bobrovskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences University of South Australia  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2049-1439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. 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J.","family":"Llewellyn\u2010Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Medicine, Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University  Bedford Park South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.09.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12070"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1990.258.1.R160"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00185458"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.32.2.134","article-title":"Abnormal glucose counterregulation in insulin\u2010dependent diabetes mellitus: Interaction of anti\u2010insulin antibodies and impaired 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