{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T22:59:26Z","timestamp":1760482766326,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,13]],"date-time":"2019-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011512","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011512","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007042","name":"Third World Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007042","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Comparative Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The brainstem (midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata) and cerebellum (diencephalic prosomere 1 through to rhombomere 11) play central roles in the processing of sensorimotor information, autonomic activity, levels of awareness and the control of functions external to the conscious cognitive world of mammals. As such, comparative analyses of these structures, especially the understanding of specializations or reductions of structures with functions that have been elucidated in commonly studied mammalian species, can provide crucial information for our understanding of the behavior of less commonly studied species, like pangolins. In the broadest sense, the nuclear complexes and subdivisions of nuclear complexes, the topographical arrangement, the neuronal chemistry, and fiber pathways of the tree pangolin conform to that typically observed across more commonly studied mammalian species. Despite this, variations in regions associated with the locus coeruleus complex, auditory system, and motor, neuromodulatory and autonomic systems involved in feeding, were observed in the current study. While we have previously detailed the unusual locus coeruleus complex of the tree pangolin, the superior olivary nuclear complex of the auditory system, while not exhibiting additional nuclei or having an altered organization, this nuclear complex, particularly the lateral superior olivary nucleus and nucleus of the trapezoid body, shows architectonic refinement. The cephalic decussation of the pyramidal tract, an enlarged hypoglossal nucleus, an additional subdivision of the serotonergic raphe obscurus nucleus, and the expansion of the superior salivatory nucleus, all indicate neuronal specializations related to the myrmecophagous diet of the pangolins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T07:24:03Z","timestamp":1559373843000},"page":"2440-2473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The brain of the tree pangolin (<i>Manis tricuspis<\/i>). VI. The brainstem and cerebellum"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"527","author":[{"given":"Aminu","family":"Imam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand  Parktown Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences University of Ilorin  Ilorin Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adhil","family":"Bhagwandin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand  Parktown Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moyosore S.","family":"Ajao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences University of Ilorin  Ilorin Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1174-7444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad A.","family":"Spocter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand  Parktown Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy Des Moines University  Des Moines Iowa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1881-2854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul R.","family":"Manger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand  Parktown Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1646"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2008.05.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901320111"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(78)90077-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"375","article-title":"The salivatory nuclei in the brainstem of the monkey (Macaca mulatta)","volume":"139","author":"Biljani V.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19970421)380:4<507::AID-CNE7>3.0.CO;2-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.900810307"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(80)90092-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4530(94)90046-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2010.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23929"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1379083"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1899.tb00479.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-014-0815-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0140"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","first-page":"82","volume-title":"Handbook of the mammals of the world volume 2: Hoofed mammals","author":"Gaubert P.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000006530"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","first-page":"509","article-title":"An experimental investigation of the motor cortex and pyramidal tract of Echidna aculeata","volume":"73","author":"Goldby F.","year":"1939","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2818.1988.tb04609.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"PAST: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis","volume":"4","author":"Hammer \u00d8.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Paleontologica Electronica"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1290515"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-29678-2_3124"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","unstructured":"Hyams D.G.(2010).CurveExpert software http:\/\/www.curveexpert.net 2010. Accessed February 9 2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24222"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24519"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24510"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","article-title":"The brain of the tree pangolin (Manis tricuspis). V. The diencephalon","author":"Imam A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24510"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(97)80141-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000114351"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21212"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804042-3.00045-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35054550"},{"volume-title":"Chemoarchitectonic atlas of the rat brain","year":"2009","author":"Paxinos G.","key":"e_1_2_11_35_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2017.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.05.099"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000155963"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1910651"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1943.6.3.195"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2019.00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092010114"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weber M.(1892).Beitrage zue Anatomie und Entwickelung des Genus Manis. Zoologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in Niederlandisch Ost\u2010Indien II. Leyden.","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004599048"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1855-14.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092310411"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2010.07.010"}],"container-title":["Journal of Comparative Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cne.24721","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cne.24721","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cne.24721","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,10]],"date-time":"2023-09-10T01:45:11Z","timestamp":1694310311000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cne.24721"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,13]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cne.24721"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.24721","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9967","1096-9861"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0021-9967"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1096-9861"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-12-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-05-29","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-06-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}