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To test this hypothesis, the effects of sound stimulation on visual cell activity in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus were examined in anesthetized rats, using juxta\u2010cellular recording and labeling techniques. Visual responses evoked by light (white LED) were modulated by sound (noise burst) given simultaneously or 50\u2013400\u2009ms after the light, even though sound stimuli alone did not evoke cell activity. Alterations of visual response were observed in 71% of cells (57\/80) with regard to response magnitude, latency, and\/or burst spiking. Suppression predominated in response magnitude modulation, but de novo responses were also induced by combined stimulation. Sound affected not only onset responses but also late responses. Late responses were modulated by sound given before or after onset responses. Further, visual responses evoked by the second light stimulation of a double flash with a 150\u2013700\u2009ms interval were also modulated by sound given together with the first light stimulation. In morphological analysis of labeled cells projection cells comparable to X\u2010, Y\u2010, and W\u2010like cells and interneurons were all susceptible to auditory influence. These findings suggest that the first\u2010order visual thalamic nucleus incorporates auditory influence into parallel and complex thalamic visual processing for cross\u2010modal modulation of visual attention and perception.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,26]],"date-time":"2020-01-26T07:19:53Z","timestamp":1580023193000},"page":"1917-1941","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cross\u2010modal modulation of cell activity by sound in first\u2010order visual thalamic nucleus"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"528","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9649-0627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akihisa","family":"Kimura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology Wakayama Medical University  Wakayama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06389-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3897"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP272791"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.205542"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.10.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3375-14.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33815-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.10.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00228415"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(95)00009-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00728.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06105"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2009.04.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1099-10.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.01.058"},{"issue":"41","key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","article-title":"Functional diversity of thalamic reticular subnetworks","volume":"12","author":"Crabtree J. 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