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It is also the brain's primary sensory nucleus for visceral sensations relevant to symptoms in medical and psychiatric disorders. To better understand which neurons may exert top\u2010down control over the NTS, here we provide a brain\u2010wide map of all neurons that project axons directly to the caudal, viscerosensory NTS, focusing on a medial subregion with aldosterone\u2010sensitive HSD2 neurons. Injecting an axonal tracer (cholera toxin b) into the NTS produces a similar pattern of retrograde labeling in rats and mice. The paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH), lateral hypothalamic area, and central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) contain the densest concentrations of NTS\u2010projecting neurons. PVH afferents are glutamatergic (express\n                    <jats:italic>Slc17a6<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/Vglut2) and are distinct from neuroendocrine PVH neurons. CeA afferents are GABAergic (express\n                    <jats:italic>Slc32a1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/Vgat) and are distributed largely in the medial CeA subdivision. Other retrogradely labeled neurons are located in a variety of brain regions, including the cerebral cortex (insular and infralimbic areas), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, periaqueductal gray, Barrington's nucleus, K\u00f6lliker\u2010Fuse nucleus, hindbrain reticular formation, and rostral NTS. Similar patterns of retrograde labeling result from tracer injections into different NTS subdivisions, with dual retrograde tracing revealing that many afferent neurons project axon collaterals to both the lateral and medial NTS subdivisions. This information provides a roadmap for studying descending axonal projections that may influence visceromotor systems and visceral \u201cmind\u2013body\u201d symptoms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,20]],"date-time":"2020-04-20T03:26:09Z","timestamp":1587353169000},"page":"2708-2728","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Central afferents to the nucleus of the solitary tract in rats and mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"528","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5487-7081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Gasparini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa  Iowa city Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob M.","family":"Howland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa  Iowa city Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Thatcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa  Iowa city Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9956-4006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel C.","family":"Geerling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa  Iowa city Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903150307"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903040209"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI103747"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2044-06.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00581165"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.05.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(91)90143-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(82)90009-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22698"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-012-0393-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1990.sp018171"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03530120053041"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1422695"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","first-page":"R245","article-title":"Subcortical sites mediating sympathetic responses from insular cortex in rats","volume":"258","author":"Cechetto D. 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