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Because such oscillations are nonvocal in most nonhuman primates, the evolution of speech required the addition of vocalization onto this scaffold in order to turn such jaw oscillations into vocalized syllables. In the present functional MRI study, we demonstrate overlapping somatotopic representations between the larynx and the jaw muscles in the human primary motor cortex. This proximity between the larynx and jaw in the brain might support the coupling between vocalization and jaw oscillations to generate syllable structure. This model suggests that humans inherited voluntary control of jaw oscillations from ancestral species, but added voluntary control of vocalization onto this via the evolution of a new brain area that came to be situated near the jaw region in the human motor cortex.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]],"date-time":"2020-07-28T05:31:40Z","timestamp":1595914300000},"page":"1018-1028","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Evolution of the speech\u2010ready brain: The voice\/jaw connection in the human motor cortex"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"529","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2457-7942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Neuroscience &amp; Behaviour McMaster University  Hamilton Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Neuroscience &amp; Behaviour McMaster University  Hamilton Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Belyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech Hearing and Phonetic Sciences University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/0007-1285-25-296-406"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.05.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.02.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34733"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaw3916"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11911"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.11.JNS14889"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm131"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.10444"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2013.08.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.05.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000147532"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1600723"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","first-page":"65","volume-title":"Acoustic communication","author":"Fitch W. 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