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Surprisingly, the anatomical organization of descending inputs that connect the forebrain with the brainstem respiratory network remains poorly defined. We hypothesized that descending forebrain projections target multiple distributed respiratory control nuclei across the neuroaxis. To test our hypothesis, we made discrete unilateral microinjections of the retrograde tracer cholera toxin subunit B in the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG), the pontine K\u00f6lliker\u2010Fuse nucleus (KFn), the medullary B\u00f6tzinger complex (B\u00f6tC), pre\u2010B\u00f6tC, or caudal midline raph\u00e9 nuclei. We quantified the regional distribution of retrogradely labeled neurons in the forebrain 12\u201314\u2009days postinjection. Overall, our data reveal that descending inputs from cortical areas predominantly target the PAG and KFn. Differential forebrain regions innervating the PAG (prefrontal, cingulate cortices, and lateral septum) and KFn (rhinal, piriform, and somatosensory cortices) imply that volitional motor commands for vocalization are specifically relayed via the PAG, while the KFn may receive commands to coordinate breathing with other orofacial behaviors (e.g., sniffing, swallowing). Additionally, we observed that the limbic or autonomic (interoceptive) systems are connected to broadly distributed downstream bulbar respiratory networks. Collectively, these data provide a neural substrate to explain how volitional, state\u2010dependent, and emotional modulation of breathing is regulated by the forebrain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.25091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,19]],"date-time":"2020-12-19T06:50:05Z","timestamp":1608360605000},"page":"2243-2264","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Forebrain projection neurons target functionally diverse respiratory control areas in the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"529","author":[{"given":"Pedro","family":"Trevizan\u2010Ba\u00fa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Discovery Neuroscience Theme The University of Melbourne  Parkville Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rishi 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