{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T07:17:59Z","timestamp":1792653479845,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]],"date-time":"2021-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DC010796"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DC010796"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 DC010775"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 DC010775"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Comparative Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The precise and specialized circuitry in the auditory brainstem develops through adaptations of cellular and molecular signaling. We previously showed that elimination of microglia during development impairs synaptic pruning that leads to maturation of the calyx of Held, a large encapsulating synapse that terminates on neurons of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB). Microglia depletion also led to a decrease in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker for mature astrocytes. Here, we investigated the role of signaling through the fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1), which is expressed by microglia and mediates communication with neurons.\n                    <jats:italic>CX3CR1<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    and wild\u2010type mice were studied before and after hearing onset and at 9\u2009weeks of age. Levels of GFAP were significantly increased in the MNTB in mutants at 9\u2009weeks. Pruning was unaffected at the calyx of Held, but we found an increase in expression of glycinergic synaptic marker in mutant mice at P14, suggesting an effect on maturation of inhibitory inputs. We observed disrupted tonotopic gradients of neuron and calyx size in MNTB in mutant mice. Auditory brainstem recording (ABR) revealed that\n                    <jats:italic>CX3CR1<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    mice had normal thresholds and amplitudes but decreased latencies and interpeak latencies, particularly for the highest frequencies. These results demonstrate that disruption of fractalkine signaling has a significant effect on auditory brainstem development. Our findings highlight the importance of neuron\u2013microglia\u2013astrocyte communication in pruning of inhibitory synapses and establishment of tonotopic gradients early in postnatal development.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.25150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T04:45:42Z","timestamp":1617338742000},"page":"3076-3097","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["<i>CX3CR1<\/i>\n                    mutation alters synaptic and astrocytic protein expression, topographic gradients, and response latencies in the auditory brainstem"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"529","author":[{"given":"Giedre","family":"Milinkeviciute","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California  Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sima M.","family":"Chokr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California  Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily M.","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California  Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3793-4862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karina S.","family":"Cramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California  Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2014.00083"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22533"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2007.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6611"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00798.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0112-16.2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23508"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2011.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00927.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.08.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP270849"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-10-104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-020911-153236"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2004.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0291-20.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1715"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5616930"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-23-09733.1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00167"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz363"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3441-12.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19970106)377:1<70::AID-CNE7>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","first-page":"99","volume-title":"Geometrical probability and biological structures: Buffon's 200th anniversary","author":"Hoff R. 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