{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:43:38Z","timestamp":1787319818314,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]],"date-time":"2021-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Comparative Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The genetic profile of vertebrate pallia has long driven debate on homology across distantly related clades. Based on an expression profile of the orphan nuclear receptor\n                    <jats:italic>NR4A2<\/jats:italic>\n                    in mouse and chicken brains, Puelles et al. (The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 2016, 524, 665\u2013703) concluded that the avian lateral mesopallium is homologous to the mammalian claustrum, and the medial mesopallium homologous to the insula cortex. They argued that their findings contradict conclusions by Jarvis et al. (The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 2013, 521, 3614\u20133665) and Chen et al. (The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 2013, 521, 3666\u20133701) that the hyperpallium densocellare is instead a mesopallium cell population, and by Suzuki and Hirata (Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, 2014, 8, 783) that the avian mesopallium is homologous to mammalian cortical layers 2\/3. Here, we find that\n                    <jats:italic>NR4A2<\/jats:italic>\n                    is an activity\u2010dependent gene and cannot be used to determine brain organization or species relationships without considering behavioral state. Activity\u2010dependent\n                    <jats:italic>NR4A2<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression has been previously demonstrated in the rodent brain, with the highest induction occurring within the claustrum, amygdala, deep and superficial cortical layers, and hippocampus. In the zebra finch, we find that\n                    <jats:italic>NR4A2<\/jats:italic>\n                    is constitutively expressed in the arcopallium, but induced in parts of the mesopallium, and in sparse cells within the hyperpallium, depending on animal stimulus or behavioral state. Basal and induced\n                    <jats:italic>NR4A2<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression patterns do not discount the previously named avian hyperpallium densocellare as dorsal mesopallium and conflict with proposed homology between the avian mesopallium and mammalian claustrum\/insula at the exclusion of other brain regions. Broadly, these findings highlight the importance of controlling for behavioral state and neural activity to genetically define brain cell population relationships within and across species.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.25157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T18:37:29Z","timestamp":1618511849000},"page":"3206-3221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Controlling for activity\u2010dependent genes and behavioral states is critical for determining brain relationships within and across species"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"529","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4331-9890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew T.","family":"Biegler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology Duke University Medical Center  Durham North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Language The Rockefeller University  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9715-533X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsey J.","family":"Cantin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Language The Rockefeller University  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0367-1531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle L.","family":"Scarano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology Duke University Medical Center  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8931-5049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erich D.","family":"Jarvis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology Duke University Medical Center  Durham North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Language The Rockefeller University  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute  Chevy Chase Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav7617"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24328"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.272427"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"In search of common developmental and evolutionary origin of the claustrum and subplate","volume":"16","author":"Bruguier H.","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Journal of Comparative Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8628(20001204)96:6<808::AID-AJMG23>3.0.CO;2-E"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23406"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(98)00143-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001768"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","unstructured":"The Journal of Comparative Neurology 2021 As above so below: Whole transcriptome profiling demonstrates strong molecular similarities between avian dorsal and ventral pallial subdivisions"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22370"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042173"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.8.4097"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1606"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23404"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23443"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020720"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05453"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.062"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","first-page":"381","volume-title":"The neuroscience of birdsong","author":"Mello C. 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