{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T23:15:47Z","timestamp":1778022947779,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008537","name":"Benign Essential Blepharospasm Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EY014263"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY014263"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EY09762"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY09762"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Comparative Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>For normal viewing, the eyes are held open by the tonic actions of the levator palpebrae superioris (levator) muscle raising the upper eyelid. This activity is interrupted during blinks, when the eyelid sweeps down to spread the tear film or protect the cornea. We examined the circuit connecting the principal trigeminal nucleus to the levator motoneurons by use of both anterograde and retrograde tracers in macaque monkeys. Injections of anterograde tracer were made into the principal trigeminal nucleus using either a stereotaxic approach or localization following physiological characterization of trigeminal second order neurons. Anterogradely labeled axonal arbors were located both within the caudal central subdivision, which contains levator motoneurons, and in the adjacent supraoculomotor area. Labeled boutons made synaptic contacts on retrogradely labeled levator motoneurons indicating a monosynaptic connection. As the eye is also retracted through the actions of the rectus muscles during a blink, we examined whether these trigeminal injections labeled boutons contacting rectus motoneurons within the oculomotor nucleus. These were not found when the injection sites were confined to the principal trigeminal nucleus region. To identify the source of the projection to the levator motoneurons, we injected retrograde tracer into the oculomotor complex. Retrogradely labeled cells were confined to a narrow, dorsoventrally oriented cell population that lined the rostral edge of the principal trigeminal nucleus. Presumably these cells inhibit levator motoneurons, while other parts of the trigeminal sensory complex are activating orbicularis oculi motoneurons, when a blink is initiated by sensory stimuli contacting the face.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.25198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,8]],"date-time":"2021-06-08T22:02:28Z","timestamp":1623189748000},"page":"3389-3409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Macaque monkey trigeminal blink reflex circuits targeting levator palpebrae superioris motoneurons"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"529","author":[{"given":"Susan","family":"Warren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences University of Mississippi Medical Center  Jackson Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3571-501X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul J.","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences University of Mississippi Medical Center  Jackson Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2015.00153"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06168.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901810405"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.58.6.692"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10120"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"181","volume-title":"Transmission electron microscopy methods for understanding the brain. Neuromethods","author":"Barnerssoi M.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1988.60.4.1227"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"3438","article-title":"Ocular torsion during voluntary blinks in humans","volume":"43","author":"Bergamin O.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(53)90037-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.6.1491"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2000.83.1.166"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(05)51004-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.1318"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2014.00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10313"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21203"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06146.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000007935"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23437"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00229039"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","first-page":"387","article-title":"Eyelid movements. Mechanisms and normal data","volume":"32","author":"Evinger C.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1992.68.1.233"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(80)90556-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00005767"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","first-page":"613","article-title":"Location and quantitative analysis of the motoneurons innervating the extraocular muscles of the guinea\u2010pig, using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and double or triple labelling with fluorescent substances","volume":"24","author":"Gomez Segade L. A.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal f\u00fcr Hirnforschung"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(74)90850-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(94)90443-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(93)91689-P"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","first-page":"3298","article-title":"Upper eyelid movements measured with a search coil during blinks and vertical saccades","volume":"32","author":"Guitton D.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1818524116"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-9610-0_27"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(86)90426-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(20000424)420:1<19::AID-CNE2>3.0.CO;2-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21598"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","first-page":"287","article-title":"Localization, number and size distribution of motoneurons supplying the levator palpebrae superioris muscle in Macaca fascicularis","volume":"20","author":"Jamilah J.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Medical Science Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1986.55.5.915"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-0618(00)00061-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22580"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","first-page":"247","article-title":"Localization of motoneurons supplying the extra\u2010ocular muscles of the rat using horseradish peroxidase and fluorescent double labelling","volume":"137","author":"Labandeira Garcia J. L.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00340495"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902720307"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050582"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21514"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23039"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-019-02003-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.25130"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23737"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1984.51.5.1091"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","first-page":"419","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of the pontine omnipause area inhibits eye blink","volume":"66","author":"Mays L. E.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the American Optometric Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902640409"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902540107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-0102(85)90043-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00193.2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","volume-title":"The rhesus monkey brain in stereotaxic coordinates","author":"Paxinos G.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00230039"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902870106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(93)90869-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-02-00569.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/115.1.227"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01150.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(92)90159-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1991.01080110091043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(05)51002-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(79)90596-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092370109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1996.0195"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02454155"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0499"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.119.5.1235"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.47.1.87"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(89)90165-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23337"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1992.67.4.944"}],"container-title":["Journal of Comparative Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cne.25198","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cne.25198","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cne.25198","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T07:42:07Z","timestamp":1693294927000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cne.25198"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cne.25198"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.25198","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9967","1096-9861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9967","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-04-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-05-31","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-06-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}