{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T02:50:33Z","timestamp":1784343033132,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["261914"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["261914"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005036","name":"Universitetet i Bergen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005036","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Comparative Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Signal processing within the retina is generally mediated by graded potentials, whereas output is conveyed by action potentials transmitted along optic nerve axons. Among retinal neurons, amacrine cells seem to be an exception to this general rule, as several types generate voltage\u2010gated Na\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    (Na\n                    <jats:sub>v<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) channel\u2010dependent action potentials. The AII, a narrow\u2010field, bistratified axon\u2010less amacrine cell found in mammalian retinas, displays a unique process that resembles an axon initial segment (AIS), with expression of Na\n                    <jats:sub>v<\/jats:sub>\n                    channels colocalized with the cytoskeletal protein ankyrin\u2010G, and generates action potentials. As the role of spiking in AIIs is uncertain, we hypothesized that the morphological properties of the AIS\u2010like process could provide information relevant for its functional importance, including potential pre\u2010 and\/or postsynaptic connectivity. For morphological analysis, we injected AII amacrine cells in slices with fluorescent dye and immunolabeled the slices for ankyrin\u2010G. Subsequently, this enabled us to reliably identify AII\u2010type processes among ankyrin\u2010G\u2010labeled processes in wholemount retina. We systematically analyzed the laminar localization, spatial orientation, and distribution of the AIS\u2010like processes as a function of retinal eccentricity. In the horizontal plane, the processes displayed no preferred orientation and terminal endings were randomly distributed. In the vertical plane, the processes displayed a horizontal preference, but also ascended and descended into the inner nuclear layer and proximal inner plexiform layer, respectively. These results suggest that the AII amacrine AIS\u2010like process is unlikely to take part in conventional synaptic connections, but may instead be adapted to respond to volume neurotransmission by means of extrasynaptic receptors.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.25210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,4]],"date-time":"2021-07-04T23:11:52Z","timestamp":1625440312000},"page":"3593-3620","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Morphological properties of the axon initial segment\u2010like process of\n                    <scp>AII<\/scp>\n                    amacrine cells in the rat retina"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"529","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6500-2144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian Hao","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine University of Bergen Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1738-2060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeet Bahadur","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine University of Bergen Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0532-144X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaret Lin","family":"Veruki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine University of Bergen Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1798-1901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Espen","family":"Hartveit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine University of Bergen Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3624"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.13-07-02874.1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5800-10.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1978.0103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09818"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"119","article-title":"La r\u00e9tine des vert\u00e9br\u00e9s","volume":"9","author":"Cajal S. 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