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Its braincase is known from three specimens. Similar to that of other dinosaurs, it shows a mosaic ossification pattern in which most of the bones seem to have fused together indistinguishably while a few (frontoparietal, basioccipital) might have remained loosely attached. The endocasts of the three specimens are described based on CT data and digital reconstructions. They show unmistakable morphological similarities with the endocast of closely related taxa, such as <jats:italic>Sirindhorna khoratensis<\/jats:italic> (which is close in age but from Thailand). This supports a high conservatism of the endocranial cavity. The issue of volumetric correspondence between endocranial cavity and brain in dinosaurs is analyzed. Although a brain\u2010to\u2010endocranial cavity (BEC) index of 0.50 has been traditionally used, we employ instead 0.73. This is indeed the mid\u2010value between the situation in adults of <jats:italic>Alligator mississippiensis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Gallus gallus<\/jats:italic>, which are members of the extant bracketing taxa of dinosaurs (Crocodilia and Aves). We thence gauge the level of encephalization of <jats:italic>P. valdearinnoensis<\/jats:italic> through the calculation of the encephalization quotient (EQ), which remains valuable as a metric for assessing the degree of cognitive function in extinct taxa, especially those with fully ossified braincases like dinosaurs and other archosaurs. The EQ obtained for <jats:italic>P. valdearinnoensis<\/jats:italic> (3.611) suggests that this species was significantly more encephalized than most if not all extant nonavian, nonmammalian amniotes. Our work adds to the growing body of data concerning theoretical cognitive capabilities in dinosaurs and supports the idea that an increasing encephalization was fostered not only in theropods but also in parallel in the shorter\u2010lived lineage of ornithopods. <jats:italic>P. valdearinnoensis<\/jats:italic> was ill\u2010equipped to respond to theropod dinosaurs and possibly lived in groups as a strategy to mitigate the risk of being predated upon. We hypothesize that group\u2010living and protracted caring of juveniles in this and possibly many other iguanodontian ornithopods favored a degree of encephalization that was outstanding by reptile standards.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.25224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T10:12:06Z","timestamp":1627812726000},"page":"3922-3945","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Palaeoneurology of the early cretaceous iguanodont <i>Proa valdearinnoensis<\/i> and its bearing on the parallel developments of cognitive abilities in theropod and ornithopod dinosaurs"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"529","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7822-8740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabien","family":"Knoll","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n ARAID  Zaragoza Spain"},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Conjunto Paleontol\u00f3gico de Teruel\u2010Din\u00f3polis  Teruel Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Paleobiolog\u00eda Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales\u2010CSIC  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Lautenschlager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soichiro","family":"Kawabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Dinosaur Research Fukui Prefectural University  Fukui Japan"},{"name":"Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum  Fukui Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Radiodiagn\u00f3stico Hospital General Obispo Polanco  Teruel Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Esp\u00edlez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Conjunto Paleontol\u00f3gico de Teruel\u2010Din\u00f3polis  Teruel Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Mampel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Conjunto Paleontol\u00f3gico de Teruel\u2010Din\u00f3polis  Teruel Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Alcal\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Conjunto Paleontol\u00f3gico de Teruel\u2010Din\u00f3polis  Teruel Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"111","volume-title":"F\u00f3siles\u2014Nuevos hallazgos paleontol\u00f3gicos en Arag\u00f3n","author":"Alcal\u00e1 L.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/1998.76142x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1985.tb04915.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00222939708680580"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25503"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"The late cretaceous vertebrate assemblages of Western Kazakhstan","volume":"71","author":"Averianov A. 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