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Nociceptive afferents can be detected with a variety of different markers. In particular, substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide and is one of the most commonly used markers for nociceptive nerves in the somatic and visceral organs. However, the topographical distribution and morphological structure of SP\u2010immunoreactive (SP\u2010IR) axons and terminals in the whole stomach have not yet been fully determined. In this study, we labeled SP\u2010IR axons and terminals in flat mounts of the ventral and dorsal halves of the stomach of mice. Flat\u2010mount stomachs, including the longitudinal and circular muscular layers and the myenteric ganglionic plexus, were processed with SP primary antibody followed by fluorescent secondary antibody and then scanned using confocal microscopy. We found that (1) SP\u2010IR axons and terminals formed an extensive network of fibers in the muscular layers and within the ganglia of the myenteric plexus of the whole stomach. (2) Many axons that ran in parallel with the long axes of the longitudinal and circular muscles were also immunoreactive for the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). (3) SP\u2010IR axons formed very dense terminal varicosities encircling individual neurons in the myenteric plexus; many of these were VAChT immunoreactive. (4) The regional density of SP\u2010IR axons and terminals in the muscle and myenteric plexus varied in the following order from high to low: antrum\u2010pylorus, corpus, fundus, and cardia. (5) In only the longitudinal and circular muscles, the regional density of SP\u2010IR axon innervation from high to low were: antrum\u2010pylorus, corpus, cardia, and fundus. (6) The innervation patterns of SP\u2010IR axons and terminals in the ventral and dorsal stomach were comparable. Collectively, our data provide for the first time a map of the distribution and morphology of SP\u2010IR axons and terminals in the whole stomach with single\u2010cell\/axon\/synapse resolution. This work will establish an anatomical foundation for functional mapping of the SP\u2010IR axon innervation of the stomach and its pathological remodeling in gastrointestinal diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.25386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T09:05:25Z","timestamp":1668675925000},"page":"188-216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Topographical organization and morphology of substance P (SP)\u2010immunoreactive axons in the whole stomach of mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"531","author":[{"given":"Jichao","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine University of Central Florida  Orlando Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anas","family":"Mistareehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine University of Central Florida  Orlando Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jazune","family":"Madas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine University of Central Florida  Orlando Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Kwiat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine University of Central Florida  Orlando Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kohlton","family":"Bendowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine University of Central Florida  Orlando Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2093-2396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duyen","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine University of Central Florida  Orlando Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7617-1664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine University of Central Florida  Orlando Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"De\u2010Pei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0219-3438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"B. 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