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Two orthologs (Spx1 and Spx2) are present in some nonmammalian vertebrates, including teleosts. However, information on the distribution of Spx in the brain and its interactions with other neuroendocrine systems in fish is still scarce. In this work, we cloned and sequenced the sea bass (\n                    <jats:italic>Dicentrarchus labrax<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) Spx1, which included a 27 aa signal peptide and a mature peptide of 14 aa that is C\u2010terminal amidated.\n                    <jats:italic>spx1<\/jats:italic>\n                    transcripts were higher in the diencephalon\/caudal preoptic area\/hypothalamus and medulla but were also detected in the olfactory bulbs, telencephalon\/rostral preoptic area, optic tectum\/tegmentum, cerebellum\/pons, and pituitary. The immunohistochemical study revealed Spx1\u2010immunoreactive (ir) cells in different nuclei of the preoptic area, habenula, prethalamus, mesencephalic tegmentum and in the proximal\n                    <jats:italic>pars distalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (PPD) and\n                    <jats:italic>pars intermedia<\/jats:italic>\n                    of the pituitary. Spx1\u2010ir fibers were widely distributed throughout the brain being particularly abundant in the midbrain and hindbrain, in close contact with tegmental gonadotropin\u2010releasing hormone 2 (Gnrh2) cells and isthmic gonadotropin\u2010inhibitory hormone (Gnih) cells of the secondary gustatory nucleus. Moreover, Gnih fibers were observed innervating Spx1\u2010ir cells lying in several subdivisions of the magnocellular preoptic nucleus and in the lateral nucleus of the valvula, whereas ventrolateral prethalamic Spx1\u2010ir cells received immunopositive Gnrh2 fibers. In the pituitary, Gnrh1\u2010ir fibers were observed closely associated with Spx1\u2010ir cells of the PPD. These results suggest that Spx1 could be involved in both reproductive and nonreproductive (i.e., food intake, behavior) functions in sea bass.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.25428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,22]],"date-time":"2022-10-22T23:55:16Z","timestamp":1666482916000},"page":"314-335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Spexin in the European sea bass,\n                    <i>Dicentrarchus labrax<\/i>\n                    : Characterization, brain distribution, and interaction with Gnrh and Gnih neurons"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"531","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8211-4209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 A.","family":"Paullada\u2010Salmer\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences University of C\u00e1diz  Puerto Real C\u00e1diz Spain"},{"name":"Marine Research Institute (INMAR) Marine Campus of International Excellence (CEIMAR) and Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3)  Puerto Real C\u00e1diz Spain"},{"name":"European University of the Seas (SEA\u2010EU)  C\u00e1diz Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences University of C\u00e1diz  Puerto Real C\u00e1diz Spain"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences  Qingdao China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Food Production Processes Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao)  Qingdao 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