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The purpose of the present study was twofold. First, to identify neuroanatomical connections between higher\u2010order neurons and the DMV. This was carried out by using the transneuronal pseudorabies virus PRV\u2010152 injected into rat pylorus torus and examining the brains of these animals for PRV labeling. Second, to identify the specific sites within the DMV that functionally control the motility and tone of the pyloric sphincter. For these studies, experiments were performed to assess the effect of DMV stimulation on pylorus activity in urethane\u2010anesthetized male rats. A strain gauge force transducer was sutured onto the pyloric tonus to monitor tone and motility.\n                    <jats:sc>L<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010glutamate (500\u00a0pmol\/30 nL) was microinjected unilaterally into the rostral and caudal areas of the DMV. Data from the first study indicated that neurons labeled with PRV occurred in the DMV, hindbrain raphe nuclei, midbrain Edinger\u2013Westphal nucleus, ventral tegmental area, lateral habenula, and arcuate nucleus. Data from the second study indicated that microinjected\n                    <jats:sc>L<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010glutamate into the rostral DMV results in contraction of the pylorus blocked by intravenously administered atropine and ipsilateral vagotomy.\n                    <jats:sc>L<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010glutamate injected into the caudal DMV relaxed the pylorus. This response was abolished by ipsilateral vagotomy but not by intravenously administered atropine or L\u2010NG\u2010nitroarginine methyl ester (L\u2010NAME). These findings identify the anatomical and functional brain neurocircuitry involved in controlling the pyloric sphincter. Our results also show that site\u2010specific stimulation of the DMV can differentially influence the activity of the pyloric sphincter by separate vagal nerve pathways.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.25530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,29]],"date-time":"2023-07-29T00:45:40Z","timestamp":1690591540000},"page":"1562-1581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["CNS sites controlling the gastric pyloric sphincter: Neuroanatomical and functional study in the rat"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"531","author":[{"given":"Janell","family":"Richardson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Georgetown University Medical Center Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8551-6417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghazaul","family":"Dezfuli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Georgetown University Medical Center Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen W.","family":"Mangel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RTI Health Solutions Research Triangle Park North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Gillis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Georgetown University Medical Center Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Vicini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Georgetown University Medical Center Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niaz","family":"Sahibzada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Georgetown University Medical Center Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2982.2002.00329.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00057.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"G352","article-title":"Inhibitory opioid receptors in canine pylorus","volume":"255","author":"Allescher H. 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