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The literature repeats since 1930 the opinion that the homolog of the primate internal pallidum in rodents is the hypothalamic entopeduncular nucleus (embedded within fiber tracts of the cerebral peduncle). To test this idea, we explored its historic fundaments, checked the development and genoarchitecture of mouse entopeduncular and pallidal neurons, and examined relevant comparative connectivity data. We found that the extratelencephalic mouse entopeduncular structure consists of four different components arrayed along a dorsoventral sequence in the alar hypothalamus. The ventral entopeduncular nucleus (EPV), with GABAergic neurons expressing\n                    <jats:italic>Dlx5&amp;6<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Nkx2\u20101<\/jats:italic>\n                    , lies within the hypothalamic peduncular subparaventricular area. Three other formations\u2014the dorsal entopeduncular nucleus (EPD), the prereticular entopeduncular nucleus (EP\n                    <jats:sub>PRt<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), and the preeminential entopeduncular nucleus (EP\n                    <jats:sub>PEm<\/jats:sub>\n                    )\u2014lie within the overlying paraventricular area, under the subpallium. EPD contains glutamatergic neurons expressing\n                    <jats:italic>Tbr1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Otp<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Pax6<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The EP\n                    <jats:sub>PRt<\/jats:sub>\n                    has GABAergic cells expressing\n                    <jats:italic>Isl1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Meis2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , whereas the EP\n                    <jats:sub>PEm<\/jats:sub>\n                    population expresses\n                    <jats:italic>Foxg1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and may be glutamatergic. Genoarchitectonic observations on relevant areas of the mouse pallidal\/diagonal subpallium suggest that the GP of rodents is constituted as in primates by two adjacent but molecularly and hodologically differentiable telencephalic portions (both expressing\n                    <jats:italic>Foxg1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). These and other reported data oppose the notion that the rodent extratelencephalic entopeduncular nucleus is homologous to the primate internal pallidum. We suggest instead that all mammals, including rodents, have dual subpallial GP components, whereas primates probably also have a comparable set of hypothalamic entopeduncular nuclei. Remarkably, there is close similarity in some gene expression properties of the telencephalic internal GP and the hypothalamic EPV. This apparently underlies their notable functional analogy, sharing GABAergic neurons and thalamopetal connectivity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.25536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T08:44:38Z","timestamp":1694421878000},"page":"1715-1750","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Critical test of the assumption that the hypothalamic entopeduncular nucleus of rodents is homologous with the primate internal pallidum"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"531","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9541-7073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Puelles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology and IMIB\u2010Arrixaca Institute University of Murcia  Murcia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thorsten","family":"St\u00fchmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry UCSF Medical School  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John L. 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