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Most of this projection (90%) terminated contralaterally within laminae V\u2013IX, with the densest distribution in lamina VII. Moderate bouton numbers occurred in laminae VI, VIII, and IX with few in lamina V. Within lamina VII, labeling occurred over the distal\u2010related dorsolateral subsectors and proximal\u2010related ventromedial subsectors. Within motoneuron lamina IX, most terminations occurred in the proximal\u2010related dorsomedial quadrant, followed by the distal\u2010related dorsolateral quadrant. Segmentally, the contralateral lamina VII CSP gradually declined from C5\u2013T1 but was consistently distributed at C5\u2013C7 in lamina IX. The ipsilateral CSP ended in axial\u2010related lamina VIII and adjacent ventromedial region of lamina VII. These findings demonstrate the M1r CSP influences distal and proximal\/axial\u2010related spinal targets. Thus, the M1r CSP represents a transitional CSP, positioned between the caudal M1 (M1c) CSP, which is 98% contralateral and optimally organized to mediate distal upper extremity movements (Morecraft et\u00a0al., 2013), and dorsolateral premotor (LPMCd) CSP being 79% contralateral and optimally organized to mediate proximal\/axial movements (Morecraft et\u00a0al., 2019). This distal to proximal CSP gradient corresponds to the clinical deficits accompanying caudal to rostral motor cortex injury. The lamina IX CSP is considered in the light of anatomical and neurophysiological evidence which suggests M1c gives rise to the major proportion of the cortico\u2010motoneuronal (CM) projection, while there is a limited M1r CM projection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.25557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]],"date-time":"2023-11-08T16:50:05Z","timestamp":1699462205000},"page":"1996-2018","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Terminal organization of the corticospinal projection from the arm\/hand region of the rostral primary motor cortex (M1r or old M1) to the cervical enlargement (C5\u2013T1) in rhesus monkey"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"531","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7906-5728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert J.","family":"Morecraft","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurological Sciences, The University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine  Vermillion South Dakota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jizhi","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurological Sciences, The University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine  Vermillion South Dakota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly S.","family":"Stilwell\u2010Morecraft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurological Sciences, The University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine  Vermillion South Dakota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger N.","family":"Lemon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karunesh","family":"Ganguly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neuroscience University of California San Francisco  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Warren G.","family":"Darling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Human Physiology, Motor Control Laboratory The University of Iowa  Iowa City Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00229117"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1986.sp016342"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx270"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304\u20103940(01)01918\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1968.sp008599"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006\u20108993(77)90012\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3386\u201005.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1989.sp017626"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/122.7.1327"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.11\u201003\u201000667.1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1980.44.4.751"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2019.03.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00720.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1379\u201020.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13576"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","first-page":"763","volume-title":"Handbook of Physiology: The Nervous System","author":"Freund H.\u2010J.","year":"1987"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","first-page":"543","article-title":"Premotor area and preparation of movement","volume":"146","author":"Freund H. 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