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The lack of data regarding the volumetric correspondence between the brain and the cranial cavity hampers thorough assessments of the degree of encephalization in non\u2010neornithean dinosaurs and other extinct archosaurs and, consequently, informed inferences regarding their cognitive capacities. Existing data suggest that, across extant archosaurs, the degree of endocranial doming and the volume of intracranial nonneural components are inversely related. We build upon this information to develop an equation relating these two anatomical features in non\u2010neornithean dinosaurs and other extinct archosaurs. We rely on measurements of the endocast doming and brain\u2010to\u2010endocranial cavity (BEC) index in extant relatives of non\u2010neornithean dinosaurs, namely, the crurotarsans <jats:italic>Caiman crocodilus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Crocodylus niloticus<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Crocodylus porosus<\/jats:italic>; the paleognaths <jats:italic>Struthio camelus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Apteryx mantelli<\/jats:italic>; and the fowl <jats:italic>Macrocephalon maleo<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Gallus gallus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Meleagris gallopavo<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Phasianus colchicus<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Anas platyrhynchos<\/jats:italic>. Applying the equation to representative endocasts from major clades of dinosaurs, we found that BEC varies from about 0.6 in ceratopsians and thyreophorans to around 0.7 in ornithopods, pachycephalosaurians, sauropods, and theropods. We, therefore, warn against the use of a catch\u2010all value, like 0.5, and instead encourage refinement in the adoption of BEC across archosaurs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.25597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T15:25:15Z","timestamp":1712589915000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A proxy for brain\u2010to\u2010endocranial cavity index in non\u2010neornithean dinosaurs and other extinct archosaurs"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"532","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7822-8740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabien","family":"Knoll","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Paleobiolog\u00eda Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales\u2010CSIC  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asato","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology Fukui Prefectural University Eiheiji Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soichiro","family":"Kawabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Dinosaur Research Fukui Prefectural University Eiheiji Japan"},{"name":"Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum Katsuyama Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804042-3.00023-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12378"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023393"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46959-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23046"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-08500-5_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"The morphology of the brain of Sphenodon","volume":"12","author":"Christensen K.","year":"1927","journal-title":"University of Iowa studies in Natural History"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ede.12421"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/e85-173"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","first-page":"143","article-title":"New specimens of the crested theropod dinosaur Elmisaurus rarus from Mongolia","volume":"61","author":"Currie P. 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