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There are two morphologically distinct photoreceptors, called Type\u2010I and Type\u2010II photoreceptors, in the retina. Type\u2010I photoreceptors are equipped with highly developed photoreceptive microvilli in their outer rhabdomeric segment, whereas Type\u2010II photoreceptors have short and fewer microvilli. Although both types of photoreceptors send afferent projections directly to the brain, their destinations in the brain, called optic neuropiles, have not been sufficiently investigated. Our recent studies revealed that there are commissural fibers in the cerebral ganglia that transmit photic information acquired by bilateral eyes. Moreover, some of the retinal photoreceptors are connected by gap junctions to the photosensitive brain neurons, suggesting the functional interaction of the photic information between the eye and brain photoreceptors, as well as between bilateral eyes. However, it has not been clarified which type of retinal photoreceptors send commissural projections to the contralateral hemiganglion nor interact with the brain photoreceptors. In the present study, we demonstrated by molecular histological analyses and tracer injections that (1) Type\u2010I and Type\u2010II photoreceptors send glutamatergic afferent projections to the medial and lateral lobes of the ipsilateral optic neuropile, respectively, (2) direct synaptic interaction between bilateral optic nerves occurs in the medial lobe of the optic neuropile, and (3) brain photosensory neurons form gap junctions with the medial lobe of the contralateral optic neuropile. These results reveal an ordered pattern of afferent projections from the retina and provide insight into the different functional roles of retinal photoreceptors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.25600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T09:30:34Z","timestamp":1709544634000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Visual afferents from an eye in the terrestrial slug <i>Limax valentianus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"532","author":[{"given":"Yuko","family":"Matsuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, International College of Arts and Sciences Fukuoka Women's University  Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Airi","family":"Kawakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, International College of Arts and Sciences Fukuoka 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