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To date, a horizontal streak of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) distribution pattern is observed across mammal species. Here, we report that the giant panda's vertically oriented visual streak, combined with current evidence of the animal's forward\u2010placed eyes, ocular structure, and retinal neural topographic distribution patterns, presents the emergence of a well\u2010adapted binocular visual system. Our results suggest that the giant panda may use a unique way to processing binocular visual information. Results of mathematical simulation are in favor of this hypothesis. The topographic distribution properties of RGCs reported here could be essential for understanding the visual adaptation and evolution of this living fossil.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.25661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T06:54:33Z","timestamp":1723618473000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Morphological Characteristics of Retinal Ganglion Cells in the Retinas of Giant Pandas (<i>Ailuropoda melanoleuca<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"532","author":[{"given":"Wenyao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences Peking University  Beijing China"},{"name":"National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Future Technology Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chengdong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda (CCRCGP)  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Nan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronping","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda (CCRCGP)  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda (CCRCGP)  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Honglin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda (CCRCGP)  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linhua","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda (CCRCGP)  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qihua","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University Eye Center  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Desheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda (CCRCGP)  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0845-8927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingliang","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"233","article-title":"Ganglion Cell Size and Distribution in the Retina of the Two\u2010Toed Sloth (Choloepus didactylus L.)","volume":"22","author":"Andrade\u2010da\u2010Costa B. 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