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Effective regulation of these movements by the ipsilesional sensorimotor cortex would depend not only on its ability to send motor commands directly to target muscles but also on coordinated functioning with higher\u2010level motor planning systems such as the cortico\u2010basal ganglia and cortico\u2010cerebellar loops. In this study, using anterograde viral tracers, we analyzed the axonal trajectories of corticofugal fibers from the contralesional (affected) primary motor cortex (M1) at the brainstem level in two macaque monkeys with sub\u2010hemisection spinal cord injury at the mid\u2010cervical level. They showed considerable recovery of grasping movements after injury. We found an increase in axonal projections from the contralesional M1 to the contralateral putamen, ipsilateral lateral reticular nucleus, and contralateral pontine nucleus compared to projections from the ipsilesional (unaffected) M1. We propose that these increased projections from the contralesional M1 to the striatum and precerebellar nuclei on the nondominant side may function to recruit the ipsilesional M1 through the cortico\u2010basal ganglia and cortico\u2010cerebellar loops to control hand movements on the affected side during recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.70007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T03:03:33Z","timestamp":1733799813000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Supraspinal Plasticity of Axonal Projections From the Motor Cortex After Spinal Cord Injury in Macaques"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"532","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9364-9679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoko","family":"Ueno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University  Kyoto 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Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University  Kyoto Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4187-5027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masahiro","family":"Mitsuhashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University  Kyoto Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7389-3693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenta","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Viral Vector Development National Institute for Physiological Sciences  Okazaki Japan"},{"name":"Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science The Graduate University for Advanced Studies 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