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The simpler nervous systems of gastropod molluscs, such as\n                    <jats:italic>Biomphalaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    , provide advantageous models for investigating neural responses to infection at the cellular and network levels. The present study examined neuropeptides related to cholecystokinin (CCK), a major multifunctional regulator of central nervous system (CNS) function in mammals. A neural transcriptome generated from the CNS of\n                    <jats:italic>Biomphalaria alexandrina<\/jats:italic>\n                    included a transcript encoding two CCK\u2010related peptides, designated\n                    <jats:italic>Balex<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010CCK1 (pEGEWSYDY\n                    <jats:sub>(SO<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sub>H)<\/jats:sub>\n                    GLGGGRF\u2010NH\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and\n                    <jats:italic>Balex<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010CCK2 (NYGDY\n                    <jats:sub>(SO<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sub>H)<\/jats:sub>\n                    GIGGGRF\u2010NH\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). Peptide expression was examined in\n                    <jats:italic>Biomphalaria glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n                    at the mRNA level using the hybridization chain reaction (HCR) protocol and at the protein level using an antibody against\n                    <jats:italic>Balex<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010CCK1. Expression was detected in 60\u201370 neurons distributed throughout the CNS, as well as in profuse fiber systems connecting the ganglia and projecting to the periphery. CCK\u2010like immunoreactive (CCK\n                    <jats:sub>li<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) fibers were also observed on organs associated with the cardiorespiratory (nephridium, mantle, gill) and male reproductive systems. A comparison of mRNA and peptide localization suggested that CCK expression could be regulated at the level of translation. A potential role of these peptides in mediating responses to infection by larval schistosomes is discussed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.70016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,18]],"date-time":"2025-01-18T05:42:55Z","timestamp":1737178975000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Localization of Cholecystokinin\/Sulfakinin Neuropeptides in\n                    <i>Biomphalaria glabrata<\/i>\n                    , an Intermediate Host for Schistosomiasis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"533","author":[{"given":"Alana","family":"Rivera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurobiology University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus  San Juan Puerto Rico"},{"name":"Molecular Sciences Research Center University of Puerto Rico  San Juan Puerto 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