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This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the cortical remodeling patterns in amputees experiencing PLP, pinpointing key brain regions and neural circuits directly associated with the pain. Eighteen PLP patients and 20 healthy participants were recruited for resting\u2010state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs\u2010fMRI). The functional connectivity density (FCD) mapping method was used to identify PLP\u2010related abnormal local and global signaling hubs. FCD changes were observed within the sensorimotor, pain\u2010processing, and visual stream networks in PLP patients, with the precentral gyrus (PreCG), insula (INS), precuneus (PCUN), and middle occipital gyrus (MOG) identified as key hubs correlated with the visual analog scale (VAS) pain ratings. A voxel\u2010wise functional connectivity (FC) analysis was further performed between the VAS\u2010correlated FCD hubs and the rest of the brain. FC was significantly decreased between the hubs and widespread brain regions. In contrast, increased FC was revealed between the hubs and subregions of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (the dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus [SFGdor] and middle frontal gyrus [MFG]). FC of the SFGdor\u2010INS and MFG\u2010PCUN pathways was negatively correlated with VAS pain ratings specifically, likely playing crucial roles in PLP. These results provide novel insights into the critical neural mechanisms of PLP, highlighting valuable targets for developing long\u2010term effective neuromodulation modalities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.70058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]],"date-time":"2025-05-25T03:26:53Z","timestamp":1748143613000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Alterations in Functional Connectivity Density in Patients With Phantom Limb Pain"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"533","author":[{"given":"Yalan","family":"Liao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, College of Biomedical Engineering Army Medical University Chongqing China"},{"name":"Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience Daping Hospital, Army Medical University Chongqing 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