{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:06:31Z","timestamp":1772118391778,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CE140100007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CE140100007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Comparative Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Over 30 types of amacrine cells have been described in the primate retina, yet few are well characterized. Here, we investigated amacrine cells expressing the alpha subunit of calcium\/calmodulin\u2010dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in the retinas of human, macaque (\n                    <jats:italic>Macaca fascicularis, Macaca nemestrina<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and marmoset (\n                    <jats:italic>Callithrix jacchus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) monkeys using immunohistochemistry and intracellular injections, with a focus on displaced amacrine cells (dACs) in the ganglion cell layer. The spatial density of CaMKII\u2010positive dACs decreases with the distance from the fovea, but in the peripheral temporal retina, the density of CaMKII\u2010positive dACs nevertheless exceeds the density of retinal ganglion cells. In all species, CaMKII\u2010positive dACs include cells expressing choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) cells, but in the human retina, only 60% of the ON ChAT population is CaMKII\u2010positive. Conversely, in the marmoset and the macaque, about 80% of ON ChAT cells co\u2010express CaMKII, but only 55% of ON ChAT cells in humans do so. Intracellular injections of CaMKII\u2010positive dACs with the lipophilic dye DiI revealed ON starburst and semilunar Type 3 cells in all three species, but in the human retina, at least three additional types were detected. In the inner nuclear layer, CaMKII is expressed by multiple populations of amacrine cells, which are distinguished based on their soma size and staining intensity, but OFF ChAT cells do not co\u2010express CaMKII. We conclude that ON\u2010 and OFF\u2010ChAT cells show distinct patterns of CaMKII expression and that the diversity of CaMKII\u2010expressing dACs in humans is greater than that in marmoset or macaque retina.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.70078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T15:29:12Z","timestamp":1753370952000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatial Distribution and Morphology of CaMKII\u2010Expressing Amacrine Cells in Marmoset, Macaque, and Human Retina"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"533","author":[{"given":"Alyssa K.","family":"Baldicano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health, Save Sight Institute, and Discipline of Ophthalmology The University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul 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