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To produce a three\u2010dimensional (3D) atlas of the pelvic MN system, we performed whole\u2010mount immunostaining and advanced 3D microscopy on the caudal spinal cord of adult female and male rats. We used choline acetyltransferase immunolabeling to study the macroscopic topology of visceral (autonomic preganglionic; VMN) and somatic MN (SMN) subcolumns and retrograde neural tracing from major pelvic ganglia to locate preganglionic neurons required for pelvic organ regulation. This identified parasympathetic VMNs in the sacral intermediolateral nucleus of segments L6\u2013S1 and pelvic sympathetic preganglionic neurons that were mostly found in the medial dorsal commissural nucleus of segments L1\u2013L2. Retrogradely labeled SMNs were also identified in lumbosacral nuclei containing the urinary rhabdosphincter, cremaster, and levator ani motor pools, suggesting that pelvic MNs project through both the pelvic and pudendal nerves. Evidence of sexual dimorphism was provided by VMN counts and measurements of their dendritic arborizations, and the volume of the dorsolateral and dorsomedial SMN columns. Three\u2010dimensional visualization also revealed areas of overlap between pelvic VMNs and rhabdosphincter SMNs in dendritic bundles, suggesting a possible functional role in coordinating urinary activity. The datasets are available as an open resource (sparc.science) to support 3D visualization of the pelvic motor system in the intact rat spinal cord.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.70109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T05:54:31Z","timestamp":1763358871000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A 3D Atlas of Visceral and Somatic Pelvic Motor Neurons in Whole Mounts of Female and Male Rat Spinal Cords"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"533","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2997-1340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John\u2010Paul","family":"Fuller\u2010Jackson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology University of Melbourne  Parkville Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7705-3280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziying (Alicia)","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology University of Melbourne  Parkville Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9390-2457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole M.","family":"Wiedmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology University of Melbourne  Parkville Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0632-8296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biologic Imaging and Department of Cell Biology University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7047-4794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathaniel E. 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