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In this study, we used a sensitive retrograde tracer, cholera toxin beta subunit (CTb), to identify afferents to the rostral\u2013lateral parabrachial region that contains the main concentration of\n                    <jats:italic>Nps<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010expressing neurons. We then used Cre\u2010dependent rabies retrograde tracing in\n                    <jats:italic>Nps<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u20102A\u2010Cre mice to identify inputs to\n                    <jats:italic>Nps<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010expressing neurons within this region. These neurons receive heavy input from auditory brainstem structures, including the inferior colliculus, ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, superior olivary complex, and cochlear nucleus. Due to a discrepancy between sparse rabies and prominent CTb labeling extending from the ipsilateral insular to auditory areas of the cerebral cortex, we also performed anterograde labeling and found many close contacts between cortical boutons and\n                    <jats:italic>Nps\u2010<\/jats:italic>\n                    expressing neurons. These findings suggest an unexpected role for auditory information in controlling the activity of\n                    <jats:italic>Nps\u2010<\/jats:italic>\n                    expressing neurons and add to existing evidence suggesting that rabies is relatively insensitive to retrograde labeling of cortical afferents.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.70156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T03:45:41Z","timestamp":1775792741000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["<i>Nps<\/i>\n                    \u2010Expressing Neurons Receive Extensive Input From Auditory Brainstem Nuclei"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"534","author":[{"given":"Richie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Iowa Neuroscience Institute University of Iowa  Iowa City Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Gasparini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Iowa Neuroscience Institute University of Iowa  Iowa City Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9956-4006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel C.","family":"Geerling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Iowa Neuroscience Institute University of Iowa  Iowa City Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2015.00126"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593\u2010019\u20100354\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1277\u201017.2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2023.11.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010017\u201017204\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1096\u20109861(19970707)383:3<245::aid\u2010cne1>3.0.co;2\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460\u20109568.2006.04965.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3729\u201014.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903260207"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006\u20108993(95)00020\u2010q"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22606"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"deMarco R. 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