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The nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), long viewed as a rostral extension of the midbrain IC, contains neurons that project to auditory and adjacent cortex, blurring the thalamus\u2013midbrain boundary. We hypothesized that the nBIC contains both thalamic\u2010like and midbrain\u2010like neurons. We combined cytoarchitectural, neuroanatomical, and molecular approaches to test the hypothesis: Viral tracing to differentially tag thalamocortical and tectothalamic populations, retrograde cortical labeling, in situ hybridization for VGLUT2 and VGAT, and immunohistochemistry for GAD67, calretinin, and parvalbumin. The nBIC segregated into two zones: a rostrolateral region virtually devoid of GABAergic cells and enriched for glutamatergic neurons, and a caudomedial region containing intermingled GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons. Thalamocortical nBIC neurons were confined to the rostrolateral zone, whereas tectothalamic neurons were concentrated caudomedially; spatial analyses confirmed segregation. Cortically projecting nBIC neurons expressed VGLUT2 mRNA and lacked collaterals in the medial geniculate or superior colliculus, instead arborizing in the striatum and auditory cortex. Calcium\u2010binding markers further differentiated the zones, with calretinin enriched rostrally and parvalbumin increasing caudally. These data indicate that, although indistinct by Nissl cytoarchitecture, the nBIC is a chimeric structure composed of a thalamus\u2010like, thalamocortical rostrolateral zone and a midbrain\u2010like caudomedial zone, suggesting a caudal shell\u2010type complement to the MGV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.70207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T15:56:07Z","timestamp":1791215767000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Nucleus of the Brachium of the Inferior Colliculus Contains Thalamic\u2010Like and Midbrain\u2010Like Subregions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"534","author":[{"given":"Tetsufumi","family":"Ito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Function and Morphology Laboratory, Graduate School of Innovative Life Science University of Toyama  Toyama Japan"},{"name":"Research Center for Idling Brain Science University of Toyama  Toyama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsumasa","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Function and Morphology Laboratory, Graduate School of Innovative Life Science University of Toyama  Toyama Japan"},{"name":"Research Center for Idling Brain Science University of Toyama  Toyama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamiko","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Function and Morphology Laboratory, Graduate School of Innovative Life Science University of Toyama  Toyama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinichiro","family":"Okamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroanatomy Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Advanced Research Institute for Health Science Juntendo University  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megumu","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neuroanatomy Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Hioki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroanatomy Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Advanced Research Institute for Health Science Juntendo University  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Department of Multi\u2010Scale Brain Structure Imaging Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khaleeq Ahmad","family":"Saqib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Function and Morphology Laboratory, Graduate School of Innovative Life Science University of Toyama  Toyama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2017.00053"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0406\u201018.2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24926"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2022.102189"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00319455"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.03\u201011\u201002365.1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.082243699"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108674287.004","volume-title":"The Thalamus","author":"Clasc\u00e1 F.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0306\u20104522(01)00226\u20103"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4290","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2000.01337.x","article-title":"Topographical Projection From the Superior Colliculus to the Nucleus of the Brachium of the Inferior Colliculus in the Ferret: Convergence of Visual and Auditory Information","volume":"12","author":"Doubell T. 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