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The concurrent retinal remodeling is poorly characterized. We studied retinas of 2\u201315\u00a0cm axolotls. Results showed that hatchling (\u223c2\u00a0cm) retinas, particularly the peripheral (Peri) had 1\u20132 more soma rows in the ganglion cell (GCL) layer and outer (ONL) and inner nuclear (INL) layers. Cell density reduced in GCL (GCs, \u221249%) in juveniles (4\u201312\u00a0cm) but increased in INL (74%) and ONL (55.5%) in young juveniles (4\u20136\u00a0cm), demonstrating intensive neurogenesis. Central retina (Cnt) in juveniles thickened (47 \u00b5m), and photoreceptor outer segments (OSs) elongated (32 \u00b5m). Peri of 2\u20136\u00a0cm animals possessed more undifferentiated cells (triangular doublecortin (DCX)+++; columnar DCX+\/glutamine synthetase (GS)+ or DCX\u2212\/GS+) and higher density ratios of amacrine cells (ACs)\/cones (4.4\u20132.1), bipolar cells (BCs)\/cones (1.9\u20131.7), rods\/cones (1.6\u20131), and GCs\/cones (2\u20130.6), respectively, compared to 1.6\u20130.4 in Cnt; double\u2010strand (ds) DNA signals of rods, horizontal cells, and putative OFFBCs in older animals resembled immature neurons. It suggests maturation sequences of GCL &gt; ONL &gt; INL, Cnt &gt; Peri, and cone\u2010 and ON pathways &gt; rod\u2010 and OFF pathways. S\u2010 and L\/M\u2010opsins peaked in juveniles, revealing L\/M\u2010opsin+ cones, S\u2010opsin+ rods and cones, and weak\u2010L\/M\u2010opsin+ rods of a thinner or thicker OS. Cx36 increased in 4\u201315\u00a0cm animals. GABA signals in late juveniles (7\u201312\u00a0cm) were maximal, light\u2010enhanced, and revealed ACs, rod spherules, and M\u00fcller cells, suggesting stronger GABA release and transport. Thus, the retina undergoes critical post\u2010hatch development, generating neurons and strengthening excitatory signaling, electrical coupling, and inhibitory regulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.70212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:26:49Z","timestamp":1792038409000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Physiological Postnatal Neurogenesis, Development, and Maturation in the Regenerable Retina"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"534","author":[{"given":"Vivian Y.","family":"Pang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Baylor College of Medicine  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Baylor College of Medicine  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Baylor College of Medicine  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Baylor College of Medicine  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji\u2010Jie","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Baylor College of Medicine  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)00062-3","article-title":"The Murine Cone Photoreceptor: A Single Cone Type Expresses Both S and M Opsins With Retinal Spatial Patterning","volume":"27","author":"Applebury M. 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