{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T22:32:28Z","timestamp":1771626748119,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,9]],"date-time":"2004-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1097280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8286,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Comparative Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1982,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The locations of brainstem motor nuclei supplying efferents to organs of the vocal tract of the budgerigar <jats:italic>(Melopsittacus undulatus)<\/jats:italic> were determined as a first step in describing brain pathways for vocal control in this species. We identified four major nerves supplying the muscles of the syrinx, larynx, and tongue, and separately treated each of these with horseradish peroxidase. Nerves supplying efferents to the larynx and tongue arise from ipsilateral cells in the nucleus ambiguus and hypoglossal nucleus, respectively. Each right and left half of the syrinx is supplied by both right and left halves of the hypoglossal nucleus, via axons crossing in the common anastomosis of the tracheosyringeal nerves. This bilateral innervation of the syrinx will allow testing for central asymmetries of dominance for vocal control in the absence of any underlying anatomical laterality in the periphery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902040409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,27]],"date-time":"2005-05-27T20:29:12Z","timestamp":1117225752000},"page":"384-391","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Relation of medullary motor nuclei to nerves supplying the vocal tract of the budgerigar <i>(Melopsittacus undulatus)<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"204","author":[{"given":"Kirk R.","family":"Manogue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Nottebohm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(77)90074-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(80)90052-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.900340204"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds","author":"Evans H. E.","year":"1969"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"The Bisected Brain","author":"Gazzaniga M. S.","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.170.3961.940"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"A Stereotaxic Atlas of the Brain of the Pigeon (Columba livia)","author":"Karten H. J.","year":"1967"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"498","volume-title":"Spinal Cord and Deuterencephalon","author":"Kuhlenbeck H.","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(78)90720-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"587","article-title":"Medullary nuclei for vocal control in parakeets","volume":"6","author":"Manogue K. R.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Soc. Neurosci. Abs."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/26.2.24068"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"75","volume-title":"The Neurosciences: Third Study Program","author":"Milner B.","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1401770210"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02169046"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"85","article-title":"Brain pathways for vocal learning in birds: A review of the first 10 years","volume":"9","author":"Nottebohm F.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Prog. Psychobiol. Physiol. Psychol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02169047"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901650405"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paton J. A. K. R. Manogue andF.Nottebohm(1981)Bilateral organization of the vocal control pathway in the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus). Submitted for publication.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.01-11-01279.1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"154","volume-title":"The Avian Brain","author":"Pearson R.","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.900490104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"5","volume-title":"The Neurosciences: Third Study Program","author":"Sperry R. W.","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","first-page":"353","article-title":"Identification and localization of the motor nuclei and sensory projections of the glossopharyngeal, vagus and hypoglossal nerves of the cockatoo (Cacatua roseicapilla) Cacatuidae","volume":"203","author":"Wild J. M.","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901920112"}],"container-title":["Journal of Comparative Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fcne.902040409","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cne.902040409","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T18:39:18Z","timestamp":1696617558000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cne.902040409"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1982,2]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1982,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cne.902040409"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.902040409","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9967","1096-9861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9967","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1982,2]]}}}