{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T06:49:43Z","timestamp":1760424583773},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,9]],"date-time":"2004-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1097280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6059,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Comparative Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,3,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using a variety of neuroanatomical and histological techniques, we compare the spinal cord and peripheral nerve distribution in the tails of larvae from <jats:italic>Xenopus laevis<\/jats:italic> and three species of <jats:italic>Rana<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The relatively large, postsacral spinal, cord of <jats:italic>Xenopus<\/jats:italic> contains abundant motoneurons and their axons. Spinal nerves exit from the spinal cord in a regular array, one nerve per myotome, from the cervical region to near the end of the tail. Somata of motoneurons innervating caudal myotomes are found along the entire length of the tail. In contrast, the caudal cord of <jats:italic>Rana<\/jats:italic> is reduced to a filum terminate consisting of little more than an ependymal tube; spinal nerves to all caudal myotomes leave the cord in the sacral region and reach their motor targets via a cauda equina and caudal plexus. Motoneuron cell bodies innervating caudal myotomes are found only in the sacral region.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The <jats:italic>Rana<\/jats:italic> larval pattern is similar to that of adult frogs and mammals, whereas the <jats:italic>Xenopus<\/jats:italic> larval pattern is more like that of salamanders and reptiles. These gross neuroanatomical differences are not due to differences in the size or developmental stage of the tadpoles, but instead are associated with differences in the swimming behavior of the larvae.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The presence of motoneurons in the caudal spinal cord of <jats:italic>Xenopus<\/jats:italic> may provide local intermyotomal control within the tail; the elongated topography of the cord appears to permit finer, rostral\u2010to\u2010caudal regulation of neuromuscular activity. The <jats:italic>Rana<\/jats:italic> spinal cord, on the other hand\u2010with motoneurons clustered anteriorly\u2010may produce concurrent firing of adjacent ipsilateral myotomes, but at the expense of fine intermyotomal regulation. The fact that nerves in the tail of <jats:italic>Xenopus<\/jats:italic> enter and exit from the spinal cord locally, as opposed to far anteriorly as in <jats:italic>Rana<\/jats:italic>, means that for tadpoles of the same size, reflex arc lengths are many times shorter in <jats:italic>Xenopus<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902690204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T18:48:18Z","timestamp":1104605298000},"page":"193-202","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Morphology of the caudal spinal cord in <i>Rana<\/i> (ranidae) and <i>Xenopus<\/i> (pipidae) tadpoles"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"269","author":[{"given":"Kiisa","family":"Nishikawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Wassersug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1977.tb01349.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(83)90721-7","article-title":"Dye and electrical coupling between frog motoneurons","volume":"274","author":"Brenowitz G.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000780104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Biology of Amphibians","author":"Duellman W. 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