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In the present study, the selectivity and binding characteristics in the pigeon brain of three such ligands were examined by in vitro receptor binding techniques and found to be similar to those reported in previous studies on mammalian species. These ligands were then used in conjunction with autoradiographic receptor binding techniques to study the distribution of mu, delta, and kappa opiate receptor binding sites in the forebrain and midbrain of pigeons. The autoradiographic results indicated that the three opiate receptor types showed similar but not identical distributions. For example, mu, delta, and kappa receptors were all abundant within several parts of the cortical\u2010equivalent region of the telencephalon, particularly the hyperstriatum ventrale and the medial neostriatum. In contrast, in other parts of the cortical\u2010equivalent region of the avian telencephalon, such as the dorsal archistriatum and caudal neostriatum, only kappa receptors appeared to be abundant. Within the basal ganglia, all three types of opiate receptos were abundant in the striatum and low in the pallidum. Within the diencephalon, kappa and delta binding was high in the dorsal and dorsomedial thalamic nuclei, but the levels of all three receptor types were generally low in the specific sensory relay nuclei of the thalamus. Kappa binding and delta binding were high, but mu was low in the hypothalamus. Within the midbrain, all three receptor types were abundant in both the superficial and deep tectal layers, in periventricular areas, and in the tegmental dopaminergic cell groups.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In many cases, the distribution of opiate receptors in the pigeon forebrain generally showed considerable overlap with the distribution of opioid peptide\u2010containing fiber systems (for example, in the striatal portion of the basal ganglia), but there were some clear examples of receptor\u2010ligand mismatch. For example, although all three receptor types are very abundant in the hyperstriatum ventrale, opioid peptide\u2010containing fibers are sparse in this region. Conversely, within the pallidal portion of the basal ganglia, opioid peptide\u2010containing fibers are abundant, but the levels of opiate receptors appear to be considerably lower than would be expected. Thus, receptorligand mismatches are not restricted to the mammalian brain, since they are a prominent feature of the organization of the brain opiate systems in pigeons. Although the precise functional significance of such mismatches will require further elucidation, it nonetheless appears likely that the endogenous opioid peptides of the avian brain act through the opiate receptors whose distribution is described in the present paper.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902800304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T21:20:51Z","timestamp":1104614451000},"page":"359-382","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Distribution of mu, delta, and kappa opiate receptor types in the forebrain and midbrain of pigeons"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"280","author":[{"given":"Anton","family":"Reiner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven E.","family":"Brauth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheryl A.","family":"Kitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Remi","family":"Quirion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.07.030184.001255"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"56","article-title":"Distribution of muscarinic, GABAergic, glutamatergic and opiate receptor types in the pigeon optic tectum","volume":"14","author":"Albin R. 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