{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T14:24:53Z","timestamp":1790519093614,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,9]],"date-time":"2004-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1097280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5602,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Comparative Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,6,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Vocalization, the nonverbal production of sound, can be elicited in many vertebrates by stimulation in several regions of the limbic system but most easily in the caudal periaqueductal gray (PAG). This study shows that a specific cell group in the lateral part of the caudal PAG and in the tegmentum just lateral to it projects bilaterally to the nucleus retroambiguus (NRA) in the caudal medulla oblongata. Similar but much weaker projections are derived from the dorsal PAG. Neurons in the NRA in turn project via a contralateral pathway through the ventral funiculus of the spinal cord to motoneuronal cell groups, innervating intercostal and abdominal muscles. These projections are stronger on the contralateral side, although at lower thoracic and upper lumbar levels, many fibers recross to terminate in the ipsilateral motoneuronal cell groups. In the brainstem NRA neurons project to the motoneuronal cell groups innervating mouth\u2010opening and perioral muscles as well as to motoneurons innervating the pharynx, soft palate, and tongue, and probably to the larynx. All these muscles are active in vocalization. The present anatomical results, combined with the physiological results of others, indicate that the projections from PAG via NRA to vocalization motoneurons from the final common pathway in vocalization. The role of this pathway in the total framework of emotional behavior is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902840208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T16:34:38Z","timestamp":1104597278000},"page":"242-252","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":269,"title":["Anatomical study of the final common pathway for vocalization in the cat"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"284","author":[{"given":"Gert","family":"Holstege","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.9.10.636"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"369","volume-title":"Modulation of Sensorymotor Activity During Alterations in Behavioral States","author":"Bandler R. J.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)91465-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"301","article-title":"Horseradish peroxidase localization of masticatory muscle motoneurons in cat","volume":"72","author":"Batini C.","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Physiol. (Paris)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"377","article-title":"Characteristics of mother\u2010infant interactions in nonorganic failure to thrive","volume":"25","author":"Berkowitz C. D.","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Fam. Pract."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"67","article-title":"Peripheral and spinal mechanisms of nociception","volume":"67","author":"Besson J.\u2010M.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.149.3687.1002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1915.sp001703","article-title":"Note on the physiology of the basal ganglia and mid\u2010brain of the anthropoid ape, especially in reference of the act of laughter","volume":"49","author":"Brown T. G.","year":"1915","journal-title":"J. Physiol. (Lond.)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(86)90065-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902300103"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"1237","article-title":"Comparison of single unit discharge properties in the periaqueductal gray and nucleus retroambiguus during vocalization in monkeys","volume":"14","author":"DeRosier E. A.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Soc. Neurosci. Abstr."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"463","volume-title":"Handbook of Physiology Section 1 The Nervous System","author":"Feldman J. L.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.37.9.1542"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(79)90312-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901820502"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1986.tb00191.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902600109"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"855","article-title":"The final common pathway in vocalization in the cat","volume":"13","author":"Holstege G.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Soc. Neurosci. Abstr."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Descending Brainstem Controls of Nociceptive Transmission","author":"Holstege G.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","first-page":"431","volume-title":"Neuroanatomy of the Oculomotor System","author":"Holstege G.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/110.5.1323"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/100.2.265"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(79)90337-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00235319"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00269465"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000121488"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(84)91393-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00239551"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","first-page":"532","article-title":"Cerebral representation of vocalization in the squirrel monkey Exp","volume":"10","author":"J\u00fcrgens U.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(79)90830-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(62)90022-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(75)90556-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(85)90959-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(74)90569-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(78)90088-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(80)90331-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.2802.241","article-title":"The midbrain periaqueductal gray: A brainstem structure involved in vocalization","volume":"28","author":"Larson C. R.","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Speech Hear. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00237482"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901270210"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902600308"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1983.49.3.582"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(70)90271-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/26.2.24068"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902560412"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901640109"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.900430105"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(72)80141-6","article-title":"Repetitive vocalizations evoked by local electrical stimulation of avian brains. I. Awake chickens (Gallus Gallus)","volume":"20","author":"Philips R. E.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9924(85)90017-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(67)90050-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R278","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1979.237.5.R278","article-title":"Facilitation of female reproductive behavior from mesencephalic central gray in the rat","volume":"237","author":"Sakuma Y.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. (Regul. Integrative Comp. Physiol. 6)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R278","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1979.237.5.R278","article-title":"Facilitation of female reproductive behavior from mesencephalic central gray in the rat","volume":"237","author":"Sakuma Y.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. (Regul. Integrative Comp. Physiol. 6)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(80)91117-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198103000-00017","article-title":"Effect of geniohyoid, cricothyroid and sternothyroid muscle stimulation on voice fundamental frequency of electrically elicited phonation in rhesus macaque","volume":"1981","author":"Sapir S.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(78)90244-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156853965X00228"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1913662"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(86)90423-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(87)90009-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(79)90024-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.101.1.73","article-title":"Role of ultrasonic vocalization of the female rat (Rattus norvegicus) in sexual behavior","volume":"101","author":"White N. R.","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Comp. Psychol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Progress of Sensory Physiology","author":"Willis W. D.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00239201"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(81)90069-0"}],"container-title":["Journal of Comparative Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fcne.902840208","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cne.902840208","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T17:17:18Z","timestamp":1705511838000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cne.902840208"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1989,6,8]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,6,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cne.902840208"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.902840208","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9967","1096-9861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9967","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1989,6,8]]}}}