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To explore further the possibility that telencephalic neurons co\u2010containing SS and NPY may be evolutionarily conserved among amniotes, we determined the distribution and co\u2010occurrence of SS and NPY in forebrain neurons in pigeons. Single\u2010label immunohistochemical studies revealed the presence of overlapping populations of SS + neurons and NPY+ neurons in most of the major subdivisions of the telencephalon. Double\u2010label immunofluorescence studies revealed that in subdivisions of the telencephalon that are comparable to mammalian cortex (i.e., those dorsal and lateral to the basal ganglia), the vast majority of NPY+ neurons were also SS+, whereas a major and regionally variable percentage of the SS+ neurons were not NPY+. In contrast, within the basal telencephalon (including the basal ganglia and several other structures) neurons labeled only for NPY or only SS were more abundant than those containing both neuropeptides. Outside the telencephalon, the only forebrain cell group containing neurons in which SS and NPY were co\u2010localized was in the lateral hypothalamus.<\/jats:p><jats:p>A series of double\u2010 and triple\u2010label immunohistochemical studies was undertaken to determine the extent of co\u2010occurrence of SS and NPY in striatal neurons and the relationship of these neurons to striatal neurons containing other neuropeptides. In addition, immunohistochemical single\u2010 and double\u2010label techniques were employed in conjunction with retrograde\u2010labeling by fluorogold to determine the projections of SS+ and NPY+ striatal neurons. The results indicate that: (1) a population of striatal interneurons containing both SS and NPY exists in pigeons and constitutes approximately the same fraction of all striatal neurons as reported in mammals, (2) neurons containing NPY (but not SS) form a second, larger population of striatal interneurons, (3) neurons containing SS (but not NPY) form a third population of striatal interneurons that is approximately half as abundant as the NPY+ interneuron population, and (4) one\u2010third of the substance P\u2010containing striatonigral projection neurons also contain SS.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The existence in pigeons of a major population of neurons containing both SS and NPY throughout the telencephalon, the existence of a population of neurons containing only SS in cortex\u2010equivalent parts of the telencephalon, and the existence of a population of interneurons containing only NPY in the striatum is consistent with findings in mammals and turtles. The existence of these peptide\u2010specific populations in members of each class of amniotes favors the view that these populations were present in the last common ancestor of amniotes and were conserved during amniote evolution. Thus, they most likely play fundamentally important roles in telencephalic circuits. However, the avian striatum contains a substantial population of SS+ interneurons and a population of SS+\/SP+ striatonigral projection neurons. SS+ projection neurons have also been reported in the guinea pig, but not in other mammals. Thus, the presence of some types of SS\u2010containing striatal neurons may vary among species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902990302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T22:08:49Z","timestamp":1104617329000},"page":"261-282","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Distribution and relative abundance of neurons in the pigeon forebrain containing somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, or both"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"299","author":[{"given":"Keith D.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anton","family":"Reiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0143-4179(82)90001-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(83)90081-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6136091"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"1574","article-title":"Striatonigral projection neurons: A retrograde labeling study of the relative numbers that contain SP or enkephalin","volume":"13","author":"Anderson K. 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