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The two enzymes were differentially expressed by astrocytes in a complementary pattern: 3HAO staining was strongest at the glomerular\u2013external plexiform layer junction; QPRT staining was strongest at the glomerular\u2013olfactory nerve layer junction. The complementary distributions of these metabolic enzymes suggests that there could be a gradient of quinolinic acid across the glomerular layer of the main olfactory bulb. 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