{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T02:24:12Z","timestamp":1767666252501},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,9]],"date-time":"2004-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1097280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4445,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Comparative Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,8,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mesencephalon of the young domestic pig was studied by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunocytochemistry and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry with focus on the substantia nigra (SN), the ventral tegmental area (VTA), and related areas. The purpose was to obtain information on the organization of the mesencephalic, TH immunoreactive (TH\u2010i), and dopaminergic areas of the pig, in order to provide the necessary background for the possible use of the pig as an alternative large animal experimental model for research on Parkinson's disease, including the use of encapsulated pig dopaminergic neurons for intracerebral xenotransplantation.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Significant findings in the pig, compared to observations in other species, included the presence of prominent bundles of TH\u2010i dendrites passing in a dorsoventral direction from pars compacta into pars reticulata at middle and caudal levels of the SN, and the presence of a distinct TH\u2010i substantia nigra pars lateralis (SNL). Caudally in the pig mesencephalon, the retrorubral field (RRF) was found to be very extensive. The view of the RRF, SN, and VTA as parts of the same integrated system was indicated by the crisscrossing of TH\u2010i dendrites at the transitions between these areas. Estimation of the number of TH\u2010i neurons in the SN and the VTA showed that these nuclei were of equal size in the pig. Further, it was found that TH\u2010i nerve cells wore present in the midline between the VTA in the interfascicular and rostral linear groups. TH\u2010i nerve cells were also present in the otherwise serotoninergic dorsal raphe nuclei, just as other TH\u2010i cells formed a perirubral cell group.<\/jats:p><jats:p>AChE\u2010positive neurons were present in both SN and VTA, and appeared to have the same size and morphology as the TH\u2010i neurons in these areas. Within both nuclei, there were local differences in the AChE staining density, but perhaps more significantly were some marked differences in the structure of the AChE\u2010positive neuropil of the two areas.<\/jats:p><jats:p>We anticipate that the present description of the cellular organization of the TH\u2010i dopaminergic areas in the domestic pig ventral mesencephalon will be useful for the development of a nonprimate, large animal, experimental model of Parkinson's diseas. \u00a9 1992 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903220202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T20:59:12Z","timestamp":1104613152000},"page":"149-166","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Tyrosine hydroxylase and acetylcholinesterase in the domestic pig mesencephalon: An immunocytochemical and histochemical study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"322","author":[{"given":"Karen","family":"\u00d8stergaard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ida E.","family":"Holm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Zimmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1090940210"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(91)90093-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902670404"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(85)90013-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(75)90849-5","article-title":"Dopamine in dendrites of substantia nigra neurons: Suggestions for a role in dendritic terminals","volume":"83","author":"Bj\u00f6rklund A.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Dev. Brain Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy: Classical Transmitters in the CNS","author":"Bj\u00f6rklund A.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901290205"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4832-8363-0.50321-9","volume-title":"Catecholamines: Basic: and Clinical Frontiers","author":"Butcher L. L.","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"410","volume-title":"Human Neuroanatomy","author":"Carpenter M. B.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/289537a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)91182-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"50","article-title":"Evidence for the existence of monoamine containing neurons in the central nervous system","volume":"62","author":"Dahlstr\u00f6m A.","year":"1964","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"553","article-title":"Sieben neurontypen in der substantia nigra der ratte einer Golgi\u2010rapid\u2010impregnationsstudie","volume":"23","author":"Danner H.","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Hirnforsch."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(87)90298-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"353","volume-title":"The Rat Nervous System","author":"Fallon J. H.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(78)90160-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"1223","article-title":"Ontogeny of mesencephalic tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons in the brain of the farm pig","volume":"12","author":"Freeman T. B.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"473","volume-title":"Progress in Brain Research","author":"Freeman T. B.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901590302"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(83)90221-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(87)90464-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00325634"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.07-12-03935.1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.07-12-03915.1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.900780308","article-title":"The nuclear pattern of the non\u2010tectal portions of the midbrain and isthmus in ungulates","volume":"78","author":"Gerfen L. A.","year":"1943","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-0186(85)90136-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"A noncholinergic action of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the brain: From neuronal secretion to the generation of movement","volume":"11","author":"Greenfield S. A.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-8166(71)80013-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(81)90235-3","article-title":"Non\u2010dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway","volume":"213","author":"Guynet P. G.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902900105"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(72)90248-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6610213","article-title":"Dopaminergic neurotoxicity of 1\u2010methyl\u20104\u2010phenyl\u20101,2,5,6\u2010tetrahydropyridine in mice","volume":"14","author":"Heikkila R. E.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902300211"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(87)90002-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","first-page":"427","article-title":"Immunohistochemical studies on the localization and distribution of monoamine neuron systems in the rat brain. I. Tyrosine hydroxylase in the mes\u2010 and diencephalon","volume":"54","author":"H\u00f6kfelt T.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Med. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","first-page":"277","volume-title":"Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy: Vol. 2. Classical Transmitters in the CNS","author":"H\u00f6kfelt T.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902870202"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903050108"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903080308"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00274990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901770304"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901720403"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902230210"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(83)90147-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00248804"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(79)90084-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","first-page":"229","volume-title":"Chemical Neuroanatomy","author":"Lindvall O.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(84)90445-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Topography of the monoamine neuron systems in the human brain as revealed in fetuses","volume":"388","author":"Nobin A.","year":"1973","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00519968"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"Cytoarchitecture of the Human Brain\u2010stem","author":"Olszewski J.","year":"1954"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00228796"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00231159"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901570104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5400.401"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(83)90023-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-547625-6.50036-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901870107"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(83)90173-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901790402"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","first-page":"887","volume-title":"Swine in Biomedical Research","author":"Salinas\u2010Zeballos M.\u2010E.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902360206"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sauer H. E. M. Frodil A.Kupsch G.Bruggencate andW. H.Oertel(1992) Effects of cryopreservation on survival and function of intrastriatal fetal mesencephalic grafts.Exp. Brain Res.(In press).","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00229256"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","first-page":"615","article-title":"Fetal tissue research: Abortion politics show advances to a crawl","volume":"9","author":"Spalding B. J.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bio\/Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(82)90145-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901160104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901140205"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(89)90130-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902900106"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(85)90142-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","volume-title":"Swine in Biomedical Research","author":"Tumbleson M. E.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903010113"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902680408"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(88)90041-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-3189-6_6","volume-title":"Neuroanatomical Tract Tracing Methods","author":"Warr W. B.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(86)90078-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","volume-title":"Atlas of the Brains of Domestic Animals","author":"Yoshikawa T.","year":"1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902270304"}],"container-title":["Journal of Comparative Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fcne.903220202","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cne.903220202","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T01:32:08Z","timestamp":1698111128000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cne.903220202"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1992,8,8]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,8,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cne.903220202"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.903220202","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9967","1096-9861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9967","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1992,8,8]]}}}