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Our results show cholinergic neurons in the pigeon basal telencephalon, the hypothalamus, the habenula, the pretectum, the midbrain tectum, the dorsal isthmus, the isthmic tegmentum, and the cranial nerve motor nuclei. Cholinergic fibers were prominent in the dorsal telencephalon, the striatum, the thalamus, the tectum, and the interpeduncular nucleus. Comparison of our results with previous studies in birds suggests some major cholinergic pathways in the avian brain and clarifies the possible origin of the cholinergic innervation of some parts of the avian brain. In addition, comparison of our results in birds with those in other vertebrate species shows that the organization of the cholinergic systems in many regions of the avian brain (such as the basal forebrain, the epithalamus, the isthmus, and the hindbrain) is much like that in reptiles and mammals. In contrast, however, birds appear largely to lack intrinsic cholinergic neurons in the dorsal (\u201cneocortex\u2010like\u201d) parts of the telencephalon. \u00a9 1994 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903420403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T09:23:24Z","timestamp":1104571404000},"page":"497-537","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":182,"title":["Distribution of choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity in the pigeon brain"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"342","author":[{"given":"Loreta","family":"Medina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anton","family":"Reiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(88)90217-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902950302"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903030410"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(86)91499-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.01-07-00691.1981","article-title":"Selective retro\u2010grade labelling of cholinergic neurons with [H]\u2010choline","volume":"1","author":"Bagnoli P.","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. 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