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Accordingly, a computational approach was taken to confirm the incidence of underwash with regards to blast direction, as well as examine the influence of this effect on the mechanical responses of the brain. The variation of intracranial pressure (ICP) as one of the major injury predictors, as well as the maximum shear stress were mainly addressed in this study. Using a nonlinear finite element (FE) approach, generation and interaction of blast waves with the unprotected, helmeted, and fully protected (helmet and faceshield protected) FE head models were modeled using a multi\u2010material arbitrary Lagrangian\u2013Eulerian (ALE) method and a fluid\u2013structure interaction (FSI) coupling algorithm. The underwash incidence overpressure was found to greatly change with the blast direction. Moreover, while underwash induced ICP (U\u2010ICP) did not exceed the peak ICP of the unprotected head, it was comparable and even more than the peak ICP imposed on the protected heads by the primary shockwaves (Coup\u2010ICP). It was concluded that while both helmet and faceshield protected the head against blast waves, the underwash overpressure affected the brain tissue response and altered the dynamic load experienced by the brain as it led to increased ICP levels at the countercoup site, imparted elevated skull flexure, and induced high negative pressure regions. Copyright \u00a9 2016 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd. Copyright \u00a9 2016 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.2782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,12]],"date-time":"2016-03-12T07:06:32Z","timestamp":1457766392000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Evaluation of brain tissue responses because of the underwash overpressure of helmet and faceshield under blast loading"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Hesam","family":"Sarvghad\u2010Moghaddam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering North Dakota State University Fargo  ND 58108\u20106050 U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asghar","family":"Rezaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering North Dakota State University Fargo  ND 58108\u20106050 U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariusz","family":"Ziejewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering North Dakota State University Fargo  ND 58108\u20106050 U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ghodrat","family":"Karami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering North Dakota State University Fargo  ND 58108\u20106050 U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"Invisible Wounds of War: Psychological and Cognitive Injuries, Their Consequences, and Services to Assist Recovery","author":"Tanielian TL","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-010-9724-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.02.019"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"A\u20101","article-title":"Computational investigation of brain neurotrauma biomechanics under blast","volume":"31","author":"Sarvghad\u2010Moghaddam H","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Neurotrauma"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2014.977878"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.2629"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.2612"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3118765"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-011-0065-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1014786107"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.103.108702"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","volume-title":"Blast Wave Attenuation: Ballistic Protective Helmets and the Head","author":"Rafaels K","year":"2010"},{"issue":"88","key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Brain response to primary blast wave using validated finite element models of human head and advanced combat helmet","volume":"4","author":"Zhang L","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2011.597353"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ZhangTG SatapathySS DagroAM McKeePJ.Numerical study of head\/helmet interaction due to blast loading. 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