{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T10:18:48Z","timestamp":1780049928512,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,21]],"date-time":"2016-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1474416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health","award":["R01EB009557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB009557"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Numer Methods Biomed Eng"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Virtual surgery planning based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations has the potential to improve surgical outcomes for nasal airway obstruction patients, but the benefits of virtual surgery planning must outweigh the risks of radiation exposure. Cone beam computed tomography (CT) scans represent an attractive imaging modality for virtual surgery planning due to lower costs and lower radiation exposures compared with conventional CT scans. However, to minimize the radiation exposure, the cone beam CT sinusitis protocol sometimes images only the nasal cavity, excluding the nasopharynx. The goal of this study was to develop an idealized nasopharynx geometry for accurate representation of outlet boundary conditions when the nasopharynx geometry is unavailable. Anatomically accurate models of the nasopharynx created from 30 CT scans were intersected with planes rotated at different angles to obtain an average geometry. Cross sections of the idealized nasopharynx were approximated as ellipses with cross\u2010sectional areas and aspect ratios equal to the average in the actual patient\u2010specific models. CFD simulations were performed to investigate whether nasal airflow patterns were affected when the CT\u2010based nasopharynx was replaced by the idealized nasopharynx in 10 nasal airway obstruction patients. Despite the simple form of the idealized geometry, all biophysical variables (nasal resistance, airflow rate, and heat fluxes) were very similar in the idealized vs patient\u2010specific models. The results confirmed the expectation that the nasopharynx geometry has a minimal effect in the nasal airflow patterns during inspiration. The idealized nasopharynx geometry will be useful in future CFD studies of nasal airflow based on medical images that exclude the nasopharynx.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.2825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,15]],"date-time":"2016-08-15T21:36:40Z","timestamp":1471297000000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Creation of an idealized nasopharynx geometry for accurate computational fluid dynamics simulations of nasal airflow in patient\u2010specific models lacking the nasopharynx anatomy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Azadeh","family":"A.T. Borojeni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences Medical College of Wisconsin  Milwaukee WI USA"},{"name":"Biotechnology and Bioengineering Center Medical College of Wisconsin  Milwaukee WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis O.","family":"Frank\u2010Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences Duke University Medical Center  Durham NC USA"},{"name":"Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program Duke University  Durham NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia S.","family":"Kimbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\/Head and Neck Surgery University of North Carolina School of Medicine  Chapel Hill NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John S.","family":"Rhee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences Medical College of Wisconsin  Milwaukee WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guilherme J.M.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences Medical College of Wisconsin  Milwaukee WI USA"},{"name":"Biotechnology and Bioengineering Center Medical College of Wisconsin  Milwaukee WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.20777"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"118","article-title":"Sub\u2010alar batten grafts as treatment for nasal valve incompetence; 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