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As an alternative, such a geometry may also be acquired from a biomechanical simulation, which allows to alter the anatomy and\/or articulation to study a variety of configurations. In a biomechanical model, each physical structure is described by its geometry and its properties (such as mass, stiffness, and muscles). In such a model, the vocal tract itself does not have an explicit representation, since it is a cavity rather than a physical structure. Instead, its geometry is defined implicitly by all the structures surrounding the cavity, and such an implicit representation may not be suitable for visualization or for acoustic\/fluid simulation. In this work, we propose a method to reconstruct the vocal tract geometry at each time step during the biomechanical simulation. Complexity of the problem, which arises from model alignment artifacts, is addressed by the proposed method. In addition to the main cavity, other small cavities, including the piriform fossa, the sublingual cavity, and the interdental space, can be reconstructed. These cavities may appear or disappear by the position of the larynx, the mandible, and the tongue. To illustrate our method, various static and temporal geometries of the vocal tract are reconstructed and visualized. As a proof of concept, the reconstructed geometries of three cardinal vowels are further used in an acoustic simulation, and the corresponding transfer functions are derived.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.3159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,22]],"date-time":"2018-09-22T13:15:21Z","timestamp":1537622121000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Reconstruction of vocal tract geometries from biomechanical simulations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8991-1016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeed","family":"Dabbaghchian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech, Music, and Hearing KTH Royal Institute of Technology  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Arnela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GTM Grup de recerca en Tecnologies M\u00e8dia, La Salle Universitat Ramon Llull  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olov","family":"Engwall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech, Music, and Hearing KTH Royal Institute of Technology  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oriol","family":"Guasch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GTM Grup de recerca en Tecnologies M\u00e8dia, La Salle Universitat Ramon Llull  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1250\/ast.23.207"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2902168"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3813\/AAA.918051"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3502470"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2014.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2013.2294579"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_JSLHR-S-16-0395"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2005.06.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2006.08.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00162-015-0368-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45706"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26248"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26090"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Three\u2010dimensional vocal tract modeling of fricatives \/s\/ and \/sh\/ for post\u2010glossectomy speakers","volume":"19","author":"Zhou X","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Meetings Acoust"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2016.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3695407"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4978420"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4603.2011.00287.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21681163.2013.862862"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FaraziMR Martin\u2010HarrisB HarandiNM FelsS AbugharbiehR.A 3D dynamic biomechanical swallowing model for training and diagnosis of dysphagia. 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