{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T03:23:52Z","timestamp":1774322632472,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,29]],"date-time":"2018-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Numer Methods Biomed Eng"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Directly bonded piezo sensor, conventionally employed in the electromechanical impedance (EMI) technique, although a proven candidate for structural health monitoring, is severely constrained in its application in the biomedical field due to its bonding requirement. In contrast, nonbonded piezo sensor (NBPS) provides a viable platform to assess the condition of human bones, tissues, and other biomedical subjects using the EMI technique without inflicting pain or irritation to the skin. The name NBPS was coined to emphasize that there was no direct bonding between the PZT patch and the live subject; instead, the PZT patch was bonded to a supporting medium, which maintains the mechanical interaction between the PZT patch and the subject. However, there are several aspects in the analysis of NBPS configuration that cannot be addressed completely through experimental study due to measurement constraints, cost, and time. For example, experimentally changing the density of bone continuously to study the osteoporosis effect is a tedious task warranting large number of specimens. This paper presents a detailed parametric study based on finite element method covering condition monitoring of human bones using the NBPS configuration. It is for the first time that 3D analysis for specimen identification and damage detection in bones using NBPS has been carried out. In addition to the validation of the numerical model against the previously established experimental studies involving bones, quantification of the extent of damage and its localization has been investigated. The density changes due to osteoporosis in bones are comprehensively investigated by the NBPS including the quantification aspect of osteoporosis\/damage. Definite acquisition of bone signature and detection of physiological changes in bones are achieved even with the presence of skin, muscle, and fat layers on the bone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.3160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,5]],"date-time":"2018-10-05T16:43:18Z","timestamp":1538757798000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Numerical evaluation of nonbonded piezo sensor for biomedical diagnostics using electromechanical impedance technique"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7651-9680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shashank","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Technology (SOET), (Indira Gandhi National Open University) IGNOU, Maidan Garhi\u2010110068, New Delhi and Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi  Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3202-4379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suresh","family":"Bhalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi  Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2012.02.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1305.2007.00397.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11012-013-9740-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sap.0000189620.45708.5f"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.10145"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1305.2006.00282.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/20\/4\/045008"},{"issue":"16","key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"On the use of the electromechanical impedance technique for the assessment of dental implant stability: modeling and experimentation","volume":"10","author":"Ribolla ELM","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Intell Mater Syst Struct"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2017.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X16672570"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","first-page":"14","article-title":"Practical issues related to the application of electromechanical impedance technique in the structural health monitoring of civil structures: I experiment","volume":"17","author":"Yang Y","year":"2008","journal-title":"Smart Mater Struct"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.2816"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.2653"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.2710"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2507\/IJSIMM15(3)1.338"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/23\/3\/035017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.05.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","unstructured":"PZFlex Solutions Weidlinger Associates Inc USA 2014 http:\/\/www.pzflex.com"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/58.949733"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","unstructured":"BhallaS.A mechanical impedance approach for structural identification health monitoring and non\u2010destructive evaluation uding piezo\u2010impedance transducers. 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