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To bridge this gap, a realistic airway model extending from nasal and oral openings to distal bronchial airways with varying pathway length was built in this study. Transport and deposition characteristics of naturally inhaled ultrafine particles (UFPs) ranging from 1 to 100\u00a0nm were numerically investigated, and effects of different inhalation scenarios were considered. To enable intercase particle deposition comparison, an adjusted parameter, unified deposition enhancement factor (UDEF), was proposed for quantifying the localised deposition concentration. Results show that compartment particle deposition peaked around the ultrafine end of the considered size range, and it dropped rapidly with the increase of particle size. Different inhalation modes caused notable deposition changes in the extrathoracic region, while its effects in the TB airway are much less. For UFPs larger than 10\u00a0nm, predicted deposition efficiencies in all compartments are all at lowest levels among considered particle size range, implying UFPs ranging from 10 to 100\u00a0nm can travel through the whole respiratory airway model and escape to the alveolar region. Furthermore, high enhancement factors were observed at the vicinity of most bifurcation apexes, and more even UDEF distribution was observed from 1\u2010nm particle cases. While for 100\u2010nm cases, the deposited particles tend to concentrate at few \u201chot spots\u201d (areas of high deposition concentration in relation to surrounding surfaces) with greater UDEF in the tracheobronchial airway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.3215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,11]],"date-time":"2019-05-11T13:22:47Z","timestamp":1557580967000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Ultrafine particle deposition in a realistic human airway at multiple inhalation scenarios"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2812-6188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingliang","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indoor Environment Engineering Research Center of Fujian Province Fujian University of Technology  Fuzhou Fujian 350118 China"},{"name":"School of Engineering RMIT University  PO Box 71 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