{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T21:13:39Z","timestamp":1778620419489,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]],"date-time":"2020-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Numer Methods Biomed Eng"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thermoelectric generators (TEG) convert the thermal energy into electrical energy and are under investigation as a power supply for medical implants. To improve the performance of TEG, the design optimization process through finite element model simulation is preferred by biomedical engineers. This paper aims to provide an efficient method of speeding up the design optimization process of TEG. A three\u2010dimensional realistic human torso model incorporating the TEG is investigated, where the internal heat transfer in human tissue is characterized by Pennes bioheat equation. In addition, convection, radiation, and evaporation effects at the skin surface are applied to identify the heat transfer effects between the human body and the environment. To speed up finite element simulation of the large\u2010scale human torso model, projection\u2010based model order reduction (MOR) is applied for generation of a compact but highly accurate model. Parametric MOR (pMOR) further enables generating a parameter\u2010independent compact model. For an efficient design optimization of TEG, this compact human torso model is applied within a thermal submodeling approach. Its temperature distribution results are back\u2010projected and used as boundary conditions for the TEG submodel. The achieved speed\u2010up in simulation time, demonstrated in this work, clearly indicates that the design optimization process of TEG is more efficient with the combination of MOR and submodeling techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.3311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,15]],"date-time":"2020-01-15T07:29:13Z","timestamp":1579073353000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Towards efficient design optimization of a miniaturized thermoelectric generator for electrically active implants via model order reduction and submodeling technique"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2204-6814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengdong","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Jade University of Applied Sciences  Wilhelmshaven Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Electronic Appliances and Circuits University of Rostock  Rostock Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Kre\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic Appliances and Circuits University of Rostock  Rostock Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gunasheela","family":"Sadashivaiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic Appliances and Circuits University of Rostock  Rostock Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evgenii B.","family":"Rudnyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CADFEM GmbH  Grafing b. M\u00fcnchen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Hohlfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic Appliances and Circuits University of Rostock  Rostock Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Bechtold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Jade University of Applied Sciences  Wilhelmshaven Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Electronic Appliances and Circuits University of Rostock  Rostock Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"AnalyticsFP. The Aging Readiness & Competitiveness Report \u2010 Germany. tech. rep. ARRP;https:\/\/arc.aarpinternational.org\/countries\/germany:2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-76464-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925X-13-79"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s151128889"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-9990-4_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-3815-0_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2015.02.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2016.2553152"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-016-1774-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","volume-title":"IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems.","author":"Harrison RR","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NER.2009.5109320"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LED.2010.2040575"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-006-0152-9"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"557","article-title":"Power harvesting with PZT ceramics","volume":"61","author":"Chen H","year":"2007","journal-title":"Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Process"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4025619"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/40\/18\/042"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","first-page":"402","volume-title":"MikroSystemTechnik Kongress.","author":"Jadhav OS","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-0427(00)00396-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9274(02)00116-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9780898718713"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527647132"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","volume-title":"19th International Conference on Thermal, Mechanical and Multi\u2010Physics Simulation and Experiments in Microelectronics and Microsystems (EuroSimE)","author":"Yuan CD","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CICC.2000.852717"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/8.964089"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2003.820169"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2004.826583"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of 5th MathMOD","author":"Rudnyi EB","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/20\/4\/045030"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7148\/2018-0381"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","volume-title":"VHP\u2010Female Datasets","author":"Makarov S","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","volume-title":"IT'IS Database for Thermal and Electromagnetic Parameters of Biological Tissues","author":"Hasgall PA","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1948.1.2.93"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1999.87.5.1957"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","first-page":"5920","volume-title":"6th European Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics","author":"Laszczyk J","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","first-page":"33","volume-title":"Biomedical Engineering and Design Handbook","author":"Zhu L","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-1323(99)00033-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","unstructured":"ParsonsKC. Human thermal environments. London UK: Taylor & Francis;2003."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","first-page":"445","article-title":"The evaporation of a liquid into a gas","volume":"44","author":"Lewis WK","year":"1922","journal-title":"Mechanical Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7148\/2019-0290"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","first-page":"243","article-title":"Linear relationships in heat transfer","volume":"3","author":"Mar\u00edn E","year":"2009","journal-title":"Latin\u2010American Journal of Physics Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","volume-title":"Characterization of Thermoelectric Energy Conversion for Implantable Medical Devices","author":"Yalkoti SG","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527647132.ch18"}],"container-title":["International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cnm.3311","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cnm.3311","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cnm.3311","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,3]],"date-time":"2023-09-03T18:32:46Z","timestamp":1693765966000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cnm.3311"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cnm.3311"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cnm.3311","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2040-7939","2040-7947"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2040-7939","type":"print"},{"value":"2040-7947","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-07-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-01-10","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-02-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e3311"}}