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However, previous computational studies investigating neck response to simulated impact conditions have neglected the effect of pre\u2010impact neck posture and muscle pre\u2010tension on the intervertebral kinematics and tissue\u2010level response. The purpose of the present study was addressing this knowledge gap using a detailed neck model subjected to simulated low\u2010acceleration rear impact conditions, towards improved intervertebral kinematics and soft tissue response for injury assessment. An improved muscle path implementation in the model enabled the modeling of muscle pre\u2010tension using experimental muscle pre\u2010stretch data determined from previous cadaver studies. Cadaveric neck impact tests and human volunteer tests with the corresponding cervical spine posture were simulated using a detailed neck model with the reported boundary conditions and no muscle activation. Computed intervertebral kinematics of the model with pre\u2010tension achieved, for the first time, the S\u2010shape behavior of the neck observed in low severity rear impacts of both cadaver and volunteer studies. The maximum first principal strain in the muscles for the model with pre\u2010tension was 27% higher than that without pre\u2010tension. Although, the pre\u2010impact neck posture was updated to match the average posture reported in the experimental tests, the change in posture was generally small with only small changes in vertebral kinematics and muscle strain. This study provides a method to incorporate muscle pre\u2010tension in HBM and quantifies the importance of pre\u2010tension in calculating tissue\u2010level distractions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.3761","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,29]],"date-time":"2023-07-29T09:00:33Z","timestamp":1690621233000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effect of muscle pre\u2010tension and pre\u2010impact neck posture on the kinematic response of the cervical spine in simulated low\u2010speed rear impacts"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5283-7708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matheus A.","family":"Correia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering University of Waterloo  Waterloo Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Corrales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering University of Waterloo  Waterloo Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stewart D.","family":"McLachlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering University of Waterloo  Waterloo Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7538-0560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duane S.","family":"Cronin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering University of Waterloo  Waterloo Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.01.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"KitagawaY YamadaK MotojimaH YasukiT.Consideration on gender difference of whiplash associated disorder in low speed rear impact. 2015 IRCOBI Conference Proceedings \u2013 International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury 2015:233\u2013245."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13588265.2019.1594548"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439\u2010020\u201002512\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439\u2010020\u201002687\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjtee.2018.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237\u2010022\u201001616\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4043666"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","unstructured":"SatoF NakajimaT OnoK SvenssonM BrolinK KaneokaK.Dynamic cervical vertebral motion of female and male volunteers and analysis of its interaction with head\/neck\/torso behavior during low\u2010speed rear impact. 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