{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T09:44:11Z","timestamp":1753868651429,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Numer Methods Biomed Eng"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study focuses on evaluating the response of the Total Human Model for Safety\u2122 lower extremity finite element model under blast loading. Biofidelity of the lower extremity model was evaluated against experiments with impact loading equivalent to underbody blast. The model response was found to match well with the experimental data for the average impactor speeds of 7 and 9.3\u2009m\/s resulting in an overall correlation and analysis rating of 0.86 and 0.82, respectively. The model response was then used to investigate response for antipersonnel mine explosion where the numerical setup consists of a charge mass of 40\u2009g trinitrotoluene placed at a depth of 50\u2009mm below the heel. The explosion was modeled using Multi Material\u2010Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian method. The model was subjected to the graded input in terms of variation in standoff distance and mass of explosive to investigate the sensitivity of the model. The model found sensitive to the threat definition and predicted an increase of 110% in peak fluid\u2010structure interaction force with 20% reduction in its time to peak and 29% increase in peak calcaneus axial force with a reduction of 33% in its time to peak when explosive mass varied from 40\u2009g to 100\u2009g. The location of the explosive below the foot was discovered to have significant effect on the injury pattern in near\u2010field explosion. A comparative study suggested that the model predicted similar response and damage pattern compared to experimental data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.3768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T06:46:38Z","timestamp":1692686798000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Computational assessment of leg response to extreme loadings using a detailed finite element model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8206-5147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aman","family":"Vikram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi  Delhi India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anoop","family":"Chawla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi  Delhi India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sudipto","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi  Delhi India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Primary Blast Injury of the Head: Numerical Prediction and Evaluation of Protection","year":"2010","author":"Lockhart PA","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc\u2010147\u201001\u201003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0b013e31802f78fb"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4029981"},{"volume-title":"Test Methodology for Protection of Vehicle Occupants Against Anti\u2010Vehicular Landmine Effects","year":"2007","author":"NATO TR\u2010HFM\u2010090","key":"e_1_2_9_6_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4271\/2019\u201022\u20100011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"662","volume-title":"Conference Proceedings of International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury 2019","author":"Hostetler ZS","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"186","volume-title":"Conference Proceedings of International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury 2014","author":"Perry BJ","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1514675"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV)","author":"Kuppa S","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086\u2010200107000\u201000030"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2798290"},{"volume-title":"Foot and Ankle Injuries In Variable Energy Impacts","year":"2013","author":"Gallenberger K","key":"e_1_2_9_14_1"},{"volume-title":"Validation of Lower Limb Surrogates as Injury Assessment Tools in Floor Impacts due to Anti\u2010Vehicular Land Mines","author":"Barbir A","key":"e_1_2_9_15_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/AAlim.2015.0002"},{"volume-title":"Development of Lower Extremity Injury Criteria and Biomechanical Surrogate to Evaluate Military Vehicle Occupant Injury during an Explosive Blast Event","year":"2010","author":"Mckay BJ","key":"e_1_2_9_17_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2018.1433829"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4271\/2016\u201022\u20100009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439\u2010021\u201002803\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439\u2010021\u201002768\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2013.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/ijecb.2015.070427"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BertucciR PrabhuR HorstemeyerMF MaoY.An anatomically\u2010relevant computational model for primary blast effects on the human lower extremity.2018;18(6):1\u201016. doi:10.1142\/S0219519418500574","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219519418500574"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HarrisRM RountreeMS GriffinLV HaydaRA BiceT.Final report of the lower extremity assessment program. 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