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As such, a single target results in different treatment effects in different individuals. The local haemodynamic effect (wall shear stress, WSS) of EECP on vascular endothelial cells is conducive to promote the growth of collateral circulation vessels and restore the blood supply distal to the stenosis lesion. Considering the haemodynamic effects of WSS on human arteries, this study developed a real\u2010time patient\u2010specific treatment strategy of EECP for patients with cardio\u2010cerebrovascular diseases. Based on patient\u2010specific haemodynamic data from 113 individuals, an optimization algorithm was developed to achieve the individualization of a 0D lumped\u2010parameter model of the human circulatory system, thereby simulating the patient\u2010specific global haemodynamic effects. 0D\/3D coupled cardio\u2010cerebrovascular models of two subjects were established to simulate the local WSS. We then established statistical models to evaluate clinically unmeasurable WSS based on measurable global haemodynamic indicators. With the aim of attaining appropriate area\u2010 and time\u2010averaged WSS (ATAWSS, 4\u20137\u2009Pa), as evaluated by global haemodynamic indicators, a closed\u2010loop feedback tuning method was developed to provide patient\u2010specific EECP treatment strategies. Results showed that for clinical data collected from 113 individuals, the individualized 0D model can accurately simulate patient\u2010specific global haemodynamic effects (average error &lt;5%). Based on two subjects, the statistical models can be used to evaluate local ATAWSS (error &lt;6%) for coronary arteries and for cerebral arteries. An EECP mode planned by the patient\u2010specific treatment strategy can promote an appropriate ATAWSS within a 16\u2009s calculation time. The real\u2010time patient\u2010specific treatment strategy of EECP is expected to improve the long\u2010term outcome for each patient and have potential clinical significance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.3808","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T05:29:51Z","timestamp":1709011791000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A real\u2010time patient\u2010specific treatment strategy for enhanced external counterpulsation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Bao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology  Beijing 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