{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T05:49:47Z","timestamp":1784785787254,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016528","name":"Hansj\u00f6rg Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016528","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007880","name":"Johns Hopkins University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007880","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Numer Methods Biomed Eng"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Abdominal near\u2010infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) holds promise for early detection of necrotizing enterocolitis and other infant pathologies prior to irreversible injury, but the optimal NIRS sensor design is not well defined. In this study, we develop and demonstrate a computational method to evaluate NIRS sensor designs for infant splanchnic oximetry. We used a finite element (FE) approach to simulate near\u2010infrared light transport through a 3D model of the infant abdomen constructed from computed tomography (CT) images. The simulations enable the measurement of the contrast\u2010to\u2010noise ratio (CNR) for splanchnic oximetry, given a specific NIRS sensor design. A key design criterion is the sensor's source\u2013detector distance (SDD). We calculated the CNR as a function of SDD for two sensor positions near the umbilicus. Contrast\u2010to\u2010noise was maximal at SDDs between 4 and 5\u2009cm, and comparable between sensor positions. Sensitivity to intestinal tissue also exceeded sensitivity to superficial adipose tissue in the 4\u20135\u2009cm range. FE modeling of abdominal NIRS signals provides a means for rapid and thorough evaluation of sensor designs for infant splanchnic oximetry. By informing optimal NIRS sensor design, the computational methods presented here can improve the reliability and applicability of infant splanchnic oximetry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.70035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T06:06:51Z","timestamp":1744783611000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Finite Element Modeling of Abdominal Near\u2010Infrared Spectroscopy for Infant Splanchnic Oximetry"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5128-8341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vishnu S.","family":"Emani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caglar","family":"Ozturk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Southampton  Southampton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manisha","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carly","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Summer","family":"Duffy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle Gottlieb","family":"Sen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8952-2993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen T.","family":"Roche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wesley B.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.03.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010947.pub2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.5.002037"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5086809"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439\u2010011\u20100404\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3499419"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2021.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.21.9.091313"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279\u2010017\u20100820\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551\u2010022\u201000913\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231461"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm.2010.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2016.43"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.21.9.091306"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372\u2010022\u201001576\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2018.37"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/apc.apc_30_21"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2018.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.1900120510"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","volume-title":"Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis: Arteries and Veins","author":"Shah A.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ANC.0b013e31821baaf4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0034\u20104885\/73\/7\/076701"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428116658959"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20174844"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2005.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000000211"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2011.03.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.19.4.040801"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.1162"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/josaa.11.002727"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.17.6.067007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.391028"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.25.4.045002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2854691"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103\u2010013\u20101446\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201100062"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3127200"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.NPh.1.1.015005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/44\/6\/308"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/51\/5\/N02"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/37\/7\/005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.20.10.105005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066319"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.11.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2021.109262"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09500348814551291"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.24.10.105003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-384864-2.00004-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.8b00018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.23.12.121602"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877\u2010017\u20100015\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169\u20102607(95)01640\u2010f"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.17.020178"}],"container-title":["International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cnm.70035","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T12:24:03Z","timestamp":1747916643000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cnm.70035"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cnm.70035"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cnm.70035","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2040-7939","2040-7947"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2040-7939","type":"print"},{"value":"2040-7947","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-08-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70035"}}