{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T20:53:08Z","timestamp":1791319988091,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Numer Methods Biomed Eng"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) requires effective and personalized brace treatment strategies to prevent progression and the potential need for surgery. However, monitoring and prediction of the spinal column deformities during bracing is not always possible. Relying only on traditional methods or clinicians' experience may pose a complex challenge in orthopedic care, as unique biological characteristics of each patient make it difficult to decide on the optimal spinal brace treatment. This study introduces a comprehensive biomechanical modeling approach utilizing finite element analysis and neural networks to refine brace prescription and treatment outcomes. The Rigo Ch\u00eaneau\u2010type brace, known for its biomechanical principles targeting lateral displacement and transversal derotation, serves as the foundation for this study. A dataset of 120 diverse abnormal curvatures is analyzed to estimate the effectiveness of the proposed biomechanical brace mechanism prior to its design and fabrication. Through 3600 simulations across various curvature types and severity levels, the study evaluated brace performance in terms of coronal correction, sagittal plane stability, and stress distribution. Simulation findings indicate significant improvements in coronal alignment between 10% and 50% while preserving the physiological sagittal curves. Subsequently, simulation data were utilized for training a neural network model to estimate the spinal column position after using the prescribed brace. The trained scoliosis model demonstrated 90.6% accuracy in predicting spinal deviation changes. By leveraging advanced computational tools and patient\u2010specific biomechanical data, the current simulations offer a promising approach for optimizing brace treatment in AIS patients by predicting the outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.70145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T08:36:36Z","timestamp":1774600596000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Numerical Approach to Brace Treatment Prediction by Comprehensive Biomechanical Modeling of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Bakhshian Talkhoncheh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechatronics and Cognitive Engineering Research Lab, School of Mechanical Engineering Iran University of Science and Technology  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8408-5096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Borhan","family":"Beigzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechatronics and Cognitive Engineering Research Lab, School of Mechanical Engineering Iran University of Science and Technology  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(08)60658\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"M.NeuwirthandK.Osborn \u201cThe Scoliosis Sourcebook \u201d [Online](2001) accessed April 22 2024 https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/The\u2010Scoliosis\u2010Sourcebook\u2010Neuwirth\u2010Osborn\/1919cc842f358a6a8ee17beb22d1dda6dc5ea03d."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. B.TalkhonchehandB.Beigzadeh \u201cDesign and Evaluation of a Robotic Drilling Screw End\u2010Effector for Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery \u201d in2023 11th RSI International Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (ICRoM)(2023) 60\u201365 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICRoM60803.2023.10412600.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRoM60803.2023.10412600"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1307337"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000178819.90239.d0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586\u2010012\u20102258\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1748\u20107161\u201010\u2010S2\u2010S12"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999\u2010009\u20100884\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PXR.0000000000000195"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09593980903269741"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874431101711010044"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2019.1629117"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00963"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. B.Talkhoncheh A.Kaihani andB.Beigzadeh \u201cFinite Element Modeling of Spinal Scoliosis Using X\u2010Ray Images and Biomechanical Factors: Towards Digital Design of Braces \u201d in2024 31st National and 9th International Iranian Conference on Biomedical Engineering (ICBME)(2024) 135\u2013140 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICBME64381.2024.10894933.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBME64381.2024.10894933"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586\u2010016\u20104434\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517\u2010011\u20100737\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s005860000135"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02344211"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000083165.93936.6D"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2003.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3049843"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2012.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.1014365"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","unstructured":"\u201cSpine Fixator | 3D CAD Model Library | GrabCAD \u201d [Online] accessed October 31 2025 https:\/\/grabcad.com\/library\/spine\u2010fixator\u20101."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091590112"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2012.07.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010023\u201032624\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.749914"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.11.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2069987"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.06.074"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021\u20109290(92)90290\u2010H"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app122010256"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517\u2010020\u201002189\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3113"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.Yi P.Wu Q.Huang H.Qu andD. N.Metaxas \u201cVertebra\u2010Focused Landmark Detection for Scoliosis Assessment \u201d in2020 IEEE 17th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI)(2020) 736\u2013740 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ISBI45749.2020.9098675.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISBI45749.2020.9098675"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632\u2010198604000\u201000006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1748\u20107161\u20103\u201016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00298416"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13013\u2010017\u20100114\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1748\u20107161\u20105\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","unstructured":"M.Fraiwan Z.Audat andT.Manasreh \u201cA Dataset of Scoliosis Spondylolisthesis and Normal Vertebrae X\u2010Ray Images \u201d Mendeley Data Vol. 1 (2022) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17632\/xkt857dsxk.1."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267851"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19387-8_78"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2006.05.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2021.104745"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40846\u2010022\u201000727\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160267"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","unstructured":"J.Dubousset \u201cImportance of the Three\u2010Dimensional Concept in the Treatment of Scoliotic Deformities \u201d inInternational Symposium on 3D Scoliotic Deformities Joined With the VIIth International Symposium on Spinal Deformity and Surface Topography(Gustav Fisher Verlag 1992) 302\u2013311."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517\u2010015\u20101306\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330\u2010021\u201007944\u20104"}],"container-title":["International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cnm.70145","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cnm.70145","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cnm.70145","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T03:35:23Z","timestamp":1777347323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cnm.70145"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cnm.70145"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cnm.70145","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2040-7939","2040-7947"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2040-7939","type":"print"},{"value":"2040-7947","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70145"}}