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However, this flow\u2010dependent metric is influenced by patients' cardiac function, complicating clinical decision\u2010making on valve replacement. Moreover, assessment during rest does not reflect valvular dynamics under higher flow rates (e.g., during exercise), and may underestimate severity in moderate AS patients. Patient\u2010specific Fluid\u2013Structure Interaction (FSI) modelling offers a promising, non\u2010invasive method to simulate valve dynamics under varying conditions, independent of pressure exerted by the left ventricle. Therefore, this study aimed to experimentally verify an aortic stenosis FSI model using a patient\u2010specific aortic valve geometry, including calcifications, across flow conditions ranging from rest to exercise. To achieve this goal, in\u00a0vitro experiments were conducted using a mock\u2010loop circulatory system with patient\u2010specific silicone rubber valve models, both calcified and non\u2010calcified. These experiments were replicated in FSI simulations. Overall, good agreement was observed between simulated and experimental results for the non\u2010calcified valve in terms of mean transvalvular flow (5% error on average) and aortic valve area (AVA) (10% error on average). Discrepancies were more pronounced in the calcified valve due to added complexity and uncertainty introduced by calcifications (8% and 7% error on average for mean transvalvular flow and AVA, respectively). For clinical implementation, two key challenges remain: (1) developing efficient and reliable methods to estimate valve leaflet material properties and pre\u2010stress, and (2) verifying the model against a broader range of in\u00a0vitro data, followed by validating it against real, clinical data. Despite the remaining challenges, this study demonstrated the feasibility of using FSI models as a complementary, non\u2010invasive tool to assess AS severity and support clinical decision\u2010making on valve replacement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.70169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T05:37:11Z","timestamp":1775021831000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Verification of a Fluid\u2013Structure Interaction Model for Aortic Stenosis Through Comparison With In\u00a0Vitro Experiments"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1011-6627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabine","family":"Verstraeten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology  Eindhoven the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6688-0915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roel","family":"Meiburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology  Eindhoven the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koen","family":"Janssens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology  Eindhoven the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martijn","family":"Hoeijmakers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANSYS, Part of Synopsys  Eindhoven the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nils","family":"Karajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DYNAmore GmbH, Part of Synopsys  Stuttgart Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Rutten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology  Eindhoven the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcel van't","family":"Veer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Catharina Hospital  Eindhoven the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pim","family":"Tonino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology  Eindhoven the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology Catharina Hospital  Eindhoven the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4084-2064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frans","family":"van de Vosse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology  Eindhoven the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wouter","family":"Huberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology  Eindhoven the Netherlands"},{"name":"Computational Science Lab Faculty of Science Institute for Informatics University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1047-2797(91)90005-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezab389"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw096"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy126"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/24748706.2019.1690180"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","first-page":"69","article-title":"Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography: A Review and Update","volume":"5","author":"Gilstrap L. 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